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By «,
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY. OF BENGAL.
WOE, LAV. PART II. (NATURAL HISTORY, &c.)
(Nos. I. ro III.—1885.)
EDITED BY
yHE NaTURAL fiisTORY SECRETARY.
————
‘Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science in different parts of Asza will commit their observations to writing, and send them to the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. It will languish, if such communications shall be long intermitted ; and it will die away, if they shall entirely cease.”’ SIR WM. JoNEs.
OOOO OOO OOOOOoevoreeeee eee ee eee
CALCUTTA:
' PRINTED BY J. W. THOMAS, AT THE BAPTIST MISSION, PRESS, AND PUBLISHED BY THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREET.
1887.
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
—_<>— Arxinson, H. T. ;—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. No. 2,...... nieve ——_—_——_—_——— ;— Notes on Indian Rhynchota. No. 3,...... er ;—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. No. 4,.....0.0000 Carpenter, R. N. ;—“ The Swatch of no Ground.” POU gates
by the usu History SECRETARY), ee ert"
Foret, A. ;—Indian Ants of the Indian Museum, Oster: Come: municated by the Narurat History SECRETARY), .......
Giues, G. M. ;—Natural History porgron H. M.’s Indian Mais Survey Steamer “ Investigator,” Commander ALFRED Car- PENTER, R. N., Commanding. No.1. On the Structure and Habits of Cyrtophium calamicola, a new Tubicolous pie from the Bay of Bengal (Plate I),
;—Natural History Notes from H. Me s Tweed Mars une
Survey Steamer “ Investigator,’ Commander ALFRED Car-
PENTER, R. N., Commanding. No.2. Description of a new
species of the Amphipod Genus Melita a om the Bay of te
(Plate ITI.),...
eat ory Noes oe om n HE Me s ead oe une Survey Steamer “ Investigator,’ Commander AtFrrepd Car- PENTER, R. N., Commanding. No.3. On the Prothallus of Padina pavonia. (Plates IV. & V.) ,.
Hitt, S. A.;—On Observations [ the Rater NFeehntaniadesns ie WG UCR OU, Cae ss asic ovis'ees
MOo.tienporrr, O. EF. von; b= eae on Feaplnaae wi gree whee Fr eee Molluscs. pee ie ape by Tue Narurat History SEcReE- TARY),
Nice vItue, L. pe; erat Fe of Bitientees Bt ly, mM Etech. 4 am October 1884, with Notes on Habits, §c. er
;—List of the Butterflies of Oaleutts ‘aie ae Ret ihour hood with Notes on Habits, Food-plants, 86 wscsseuee
—_——- Re te of some new Indian Rhopalocera,
(Plate Il.) .
Prpuer, A; Eee ee on ie Gn © of the ‘Ge its of ordi dis “1 eG Chests, sicechiys weird awe pond Me FAR a cae
54
69
71
23
159
Date of issue of the different numbers of the Journal, Part II, 1885.
No. I.—Containing pp. 1—68, was issued on 6th July, 1885.
No. IJ.—Containing pp. 69—126, with Plates I. and II., was issued on 12th September, 1885.
No. III.—Containing pp. 127—182, with Plates III. IV., and V., was issued on 29th December, 1885.
LIST OF PLATES.
I. Cyrtophium calamicola. II. New Indian Rhopalocera. III. Melita megacheles. IV & V. Padina pavonia.
PDD eer
, 7.
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JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
_oO
Part II1.—NATURAL SCIENCE.
t
~ aa
No. 7.—1885.
——— — eee
I—LHourth List of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in October, 1884, with Notes on Habits, §c.—By Lionnt pe Nice/vinur.
[Received 13th January ;—Read April 1st, 1885. }
I have already contributed three papers to the Journal of this Society on the Rhopalocera taken near Darjiling in October. In the last of these papers, the number of species recorded as met with in this month is given as 284, which is increased in the present list to 313, or about twice the number of species found throughout the year in Calcutta. These species were all taken at low elevations, either in the Runjit Valley or.on the roads between it and Darjiling, except in a few cases where other localities are given; and it is probable that many more species will be discovered when some of the other valleys and the higher elevations such as Senchal come to be explored.
LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA. Family NYMPHALIDA. Subfamily Saryring.
285. Mycalesis (Calystsme) blasius, Fabricius.
A single male. In my previous paper,* I recorded that M. perseus was very rare in Sikkim. It appears that M. blasius is equally so, which accords with my lately expressed opinion that these hitherto supposed distinct species are in reality but one species, which should stand ag M. perseus, the form that is usually called blasius occurring in the rains
* J. A. 5S. B. 1882, vol. li, pt. ii, p. 56, no. 136, 1
2 L. de Nicéville—List of Butterflies from Sikkim. [No. 1,
and the form perseus, in the dry weather. In the same way, M. mineus and M. visala must be united under the former name, the ocellated form
(MZ. mineus) occurring in the rains, and the non-ocellated pointed-winged form (M. visala), in the dry season.
286. Lethe scanda, Moore. Mr. Otto Moller took a single female specimen in perfect condi- tion in Bireh Hill Park, Darjiling, at 6,800 feet elevation. This sex
has been twice separately described, by Mr. Moore as Debis nada, and by Mr. Druce as Zophoessa dirphia.
287. Orinoma damaris, Gray. I took a single female specimen at 3,200 feet elevation. It differs
from the male only in the wings being slightly broader, and the apex *nd outer margin of the forewing more rounded.
Subfamily Morpuina. 288. Stichophthalma camadeva, Westwood.
I saw a single specimen of this splendid species. It is common in Sikkim in June and July.
Subfamily NympPHaina.
Symbrenthia hippocla, Cramer.
In the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 570, Mr. Moore has described a species of Symbrenthia from Masuri under the name of S. daruka. I took a female specimen of a Symbrenthia on this occasion which I consider to be merely a casual variety or ‘sport’ of S. happocla. It agrees with Mr. Moore’s description of S. daruka, but has hardly any of the black ground-colour left, this varietal character being carried to even a greater extreme in it than in the specimen he described.
289. Hrgolis indica, Moore.
A single male. This species is very doubtfully distinct from H.
ariadne, Linneeus, which Mr. Moore has lately restricted to the island of Java.
290. Limenitis danava, Moore.
A single female taken at Singla, 1,000 feet elevation. 291. Apatura sordida, Moore.
One male taken in the Runjit Valley.
292. Helcyra hemina, Hewitson.
One female of this rare species.
Family LEMONIID 2.
Subfamily LisyrHainz. 293. Libythea myrrha, Godart. I took a single male in the bed of a hill stream.
1885. ] L. de Nicéville—List of Butterflies from Sikkim. 3
Family LYCANID A.
294. COyaniris marginata, de N.
I took a single male at about 3,000 feet elevation.
295. Nacaduba atrata, Horsfield.
Three males.
296. Nacaduba prox. viola, Moore.
A single male. N. viola is recorded from Ceylon, but I have not seen a specimen from that locality. The expanse given for the @ is =% of an inch, while the Sikkim specimen measures 1,3; inches. The white bands on the underside as described by Mr. Moore appear to differ also: in N. viola the two inner and the outer ones are short; in the Sikkim specimen it is only the middle pair on either side of the discocellular nervules which are short, the other two pairs extending nearly across the wing.
Nacaduba ardates, Moore.
Mr. Distant in his recent work ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana’ has divided the Lycenide into three groups, the first of which (Cwretaria) lacks “filamentous tail-like appendages”’ to the hindwing, while the other two groups (Castalaria and Aphnaria) possess these tails. This year I took many specimens of a Lycwnid in company with N. ardates which differed in no way from that species except in having no tails. On careful microscopic examination of these tailed and tailless forms, I can find no difference between them in respect of the venation ; and as the markings are precisely similar, I conclude that they are one and the same species. Mr. Distant, in forming his three groups (p. 196), says that the presence or absence of the tail “may prove to be an un- certain and illusory divisional character’ as an American naturalist has recorded that certain North American species have a tailless spring brood, and a summer tailed generation. In Sikkim, at any rate, both forms occur together, and in equal perfection as to condition. I have also received both forms from Orissa, collected by Mr. W. C. Taylor. Another species (N. dana, de N.) which when describing it I placed doubtfully in the genus Nacaduba has the venation of that genus, but no tails. It occurs at Buxa in Bhutan, in Sikkim, at Bholahat in the Malda district, in the Chittagong district, and at Ootacamund.
297. Catochrysops bengalia, de N.
One male.
298. Sithon indra, Moore.
One female.
299. Sithon mandarinus, Hewitson.
One male.
4, L. de Nicéville—List of Butterflies from Sikkim. [No. 1,
300. Chliaria kina, Hewitson.
I took a male only at about 3,000 feet elevation.
301. Satadra atrax, Hewitson.
Two females.
302. Satadra bupola, Hewitson.
Several examples. They differ from Hewitson’s figure of that species in having an additional spot on the costa just beyond the spot closing the cell on the underside of the forewing.
303. Satadra cenea, Hewitson.
Three males and a female taken.
Family PAPILIONIDZE. Subfamily Prerinz.
304. Delias belladonna, Fabricius. I took a single male at rest in the bed of a stream in nearly half an inch depth of running water.
Subfamily Papintoninz.
305. Papilio (Sainia) protenor, Cramer.
One male only.
306. Papilio rhetenor, Westwood.
Several males. This species has a male ‘“ sexual-mark”’ placed in a very unusual position, viz., on the underside of the hindwing just beyond the cell between the third median and discoidal nervules.
307. Papilio (Chilasa) panope, Linneus.
’ A single male.
Family HESPERIIDA.
308. Badamia exclamationis, Fabricius.
This is a common species in Sikkim, but met with in October for the first time on this occasion.
309. Halpe ceraia, Hewitson.
This is rather a rare species.
310. Swastws aditus, Moore.
This species was first described from the South Andamans. Mr. W. C. Taylor has obtained it in Orissa.
811. Coladenia dhanada, Moore.
One specimen.
312. Thanaos kali, de N.
8313. Thanaos jhora, de N. ‘
These two species occur together with 7’. stigmata settled on damp spots sucking up the moisture. On the wing, 7. kali is easily distin-
7
1885. ] E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 5
guished from the other two species by its much larger size and deep black colour. It is much the rarest of the three. T’. stigmata is the only described species of the genus having a male sexual mark on the upperside of the forewing.
II.—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, No. 2.—By H. T. Atxryson, B. A.
[The notes are taken so far as possible from the original descriptions or from Stal, Signoret, Butler, or Distant, &c. where these writers have redescribed a species. The measurements of specimens not in the Indian Museum have been converted into millimetres from the recorded measure- ments of the several authors. |
[Received Feb. 17th ;—Read March 4th, 1885.] HOMOPTHRA.
Family Curcopipa.
Cercopida, Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p. 54 (1866): Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 11 (1869). Fieber, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3 sér.) iii. p. 328 (1875): Cercopina Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 718 (1870).
Frons convex or compressly produced : ocelli two on the vertex near the base: thorax, large, sexangular or trapezoidal: scutellum small or moderate, triangular; tegmina usually coriaceous: feet remote from the sides of the body with the coxe (especially the posterior pair) short: tibia rounded, posterior furnished with one or two spines and with a circlet of spinules at the apex.
Subfamily Cercopina, Stal.
Cercopida, Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p. 55 (1866) : Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 11 (1869): Cer- copina, Stal, Ofvers, Kong. Vet. Aka. Forh. p. 718 (1870).
Anterior margin of thorax straight, eyes equally long and broad.
In 1874, Mr. Butler of the British Museum (Cist. Ent. i. p. 245) recorded the species of the genera Oosmoscarta and Phymatostetha, formed by Stal from the genus Cercopis of Walker (nec Fabricius). He enumerated 104 species of the genus Cosmoscarta and 22 species of the genus Phymatostetha. Since then, the number of species of the genus Cosmoscarta has been increased by eight of which five, described by Mr. Distant, come from India and the Hastern Archipelago, and three, de- scribed by Mr. Butler, come from Penang and Sumatra. The number
6 K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,
of species of the genus Phymatostetha has been increased by two, of which one comes from Ceylon and one from Assam; both have been described by Mr. Distant. The Indian Museum possesses about ten, apparently undescribed, species which may be referred to these genera, and which will form the subject of a separate paper hereafter.
Genus Cosmoscarta, Stal. Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 11 (1869) : Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Foérh. p. 718 (1870).
Frons very large, very tumid, obtuse, extended on the facial side almost to the eyes, devoid of any longitudinal furrow or keel.
1. Cosmoscarta TRIcoLOR, St. Farg. and Serv.
Cercopis tricolor, St. Fargeau and Serville, Enc. Méth. x. p. 605 (1825): Burm. Handb. Ent. ii. (i) p. 124 (1835): Walker, J. L. 8S. Zool. i. p. 95 (1856) ; ibid., p. 165 (1857).
Cosmoscarta tricolor, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 245- (1874): Distant, J. A. 8. B. xlviii (2) p. 38 (1879).
Black, shining: head, thorax, scutellum towards the tip, hind borders of the abdominal segments, the tip of the abdomen and the legs, red : femora black, the four anterior red towards the tips: six red spots on each tegmen at the base. A Tenasserim variety in the Indian Museum differs from the type in having the subbasal fascia represented by a transverse series of four sanguineous spots ; there is alsoa spot of the same colour at the base. It is thus intermediate between C. tricolor and. CO. basinotata, Butler (Cist. Ent. 1. p. 245), which differs also in the coloration of the abdomen (Distant). Body long 22: exp. teg. 51 millims.
Reported from Borneo, Java, Singapore, and Tenasserim ; a speci- men from the last locality is in the Indian Museum.
2. COSMOSCARTA BASINOTATA, Butter.
Cosmoscarta basinotata, Butler, Cist. Ent. p. 245, t. viii, f. 2, (1874): Distant, J. A. 8. B. xvii (2) p. 194 (1878). :
Form of C. tricolor: differs chiefly in having the tegmina crossed at the base by a patch of six red spots (that on the clavus being more or less bifid) instead of the pale testaceous band, and in the narrower and interrupted red bands margining the segments on the dorsum of the abdomen (Buwiler). Long. 21: exp. teg. 47 millims.
Reported from Sarawak, Tenasserim.
1885. ] HK. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 7
3. CosmoscarRtTA MOOREI, Distant. Cosmoscarta moorei, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 821 (1878.)
Black, shining: tegmina with the base both above and below car- mine. This coloration consists of a narrow straight subcostal streak of about 3 millims. in length and a broader claval streak of about the same length, gradually rounded and narrowed atits termination: wings fus- cous ; costal edge, for about half the length, narrowly tinged with carmine : eyes luteous: posterior border of scutellum, metanotum, and abdominal segments, apex and lateral borders of abdomen, carmine : anterior legs dull reddish, femora furnished with a strong spine; inter- mediate legs pitchy: mesosternum with two very large conical, thick teeth. Body long 138: exp. teg. 35 millims.
Reported from Sikkim.
4. COSMOSCARTA FUSCIPENNIS, St. Fargeau.
Cercopis fuscipennis, St. Farg. & Serv., Enc. Méth. x. p. 605 (1825.)
Cercopis plana, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 653 (1851): J. L. 8S. Zool. i. p. 95 (1856) : ibid. x. p. 276 (1867).
Cosmoscarta fuscipennis, Stal, Hem. Fabr. 2 p. 11 (1869): Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 246 (1874).
Black : head, chest, rostrum except its black tip, and the fore-border of the tegmina from one to two-thirds of its length, red: wings dark grey. Thorax sometimes with two black points. Body long 12: exp. teg. 27 millims.
Reported from Java, Penang, Mount Ophir, Malabar (Walker).
5. CosMOscARTA MEGAMERA, Butler.
Cercopis nigripennis, Walker (nec Fabricius), List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 653 (1851).
Cosmoscarta megamera, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 246, t. viii. f. 3 (1874): Distant, J. A. 8. B. xlviii. (2), p. 38, (1879).
Form and general coloration of O. fuscipennis (St. Fargeau), but at once distinguished by its much greater size, black legs, the narrower reddish costal edge and less pronounced basal reddish diffusion on tegmina. The colour of the thorax and head also varies from piceous to castaneous and bright testaceous (Butler). Body long 16—19: exp. tee. 89—47 millims.
Reported from Hong-Kong, Laos, Java, Penang, Tenasserim, Silhat : the Indian Museum possesses specimens from Sikkim, Sibsagar, Naga Hills, and T'enasserim.
6. CosMOSCARTA FUNERALIS, Butler. Cosmoscarta funeralis, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 247, t. viii, f. 4 (1874). Form of C. fuscipennis, St. Far. & Serv., but thorax with a distinct central ridge: head and thorax dark castaneous; scutellum piceous,
8 fH. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No
dorsum of abdomen reddish-orange ; tegmina piceous, almost black ;
wings fuscous; pectus black; venter and legs red; segments trans-
versely banded and laterally spotted with black; proximal extremities
of femora blackish (Butler). Body long 20: exp. teg. 41 millims. Reported from India.
7. Cosmoscarta MASONI, Distant.
Cosmoscarta masoni, Distant, J. A. S. B. xlvii (2); p. 194 (1878): xlviii. (2), p. 40, t. ii, £. 6, (1879).
Pronotum stramineous with a quadrate black spot on the anterior margin: head (except basal portion), and eyes luteous: tegmina, pectus, legs, and abdomen shining black: prosternum with lateral borders stra- mineous: wings dark fuscous with the veins black ¢. Body long (excel. tee.) 17: exp. teg. 45 millims.
Reported from Burma, Tenasserim : type from the latter locality in the Indian Museum.
8. CoSMOSCARTA VIRIDANS, Guérin.
Cercopis viridans, Guérin, Voy. Bél. Ind. Orient. p. 501; Atlas, t...8, 2.0% ae (1834) : Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 654, (1851) ; J. L. 8. Zool. x. p. 279, (1867).
Cercopis latissima, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 655, (1851).
Cosmoscarta viridans, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 249, (1874).
Black, shining: tegmina shining metallic blackish-green, convex along the fore-margin which is dilated towards the base ; wings fuscous, veins black, rostrum, feet, and anus coccineous. Body long 15: exp. teg. 46 millims.
Reported from Coromandel, Java, Sumatra, Mysol, New Guinea.
9. CosmoscaRTA EGENS, Walker.
Cercopis egens, Walker, List Hom. B. M. Suppt. p. 171, (1858). Cosmoscarta egens, Butler, Cist. Ent. i, p. 255, (1874).
_ Thorax and head black, shining: scutellum, metanotum, abdomen at the base and along the posterior margin of each segment, and the legs red: tegmina very red at the base and with a roseate band before the reticulated apical third, this band is sometimes narrow or indistinct or even obsolete: wings brown, rosy red at the base and along the adjoining part of the costa. Body long 11: exp. teg. 3i millims.
Reported from India, Penang: the Indian Museum possesses speci- mens from the Naga and Khasiya hills.
10. Cosmoscarta DUCENS, Walker.
Cercopis ducens, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 655, (1851) : Stal, A.S. H. F.
(4 sér.) v. p. 188, (1865). Cosmoscarta ducens, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 255, (1874).
_s
1885. ] HK. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 9
Black, rostrum and legs piceous; abdomen shining violaceous ;
‘tegmina blackish-brown with two narrow, slightly undulating, sordid
sanguineous bands; one, near the base; the other, at two-thirds of the length ; wings dark brown, veins black. Body long, 16: expeteg. 40 millims.
Reported from Silhat: the Indian Museum possesses a specimen from the Naga hills.
11. Cosmoscarta Lyp14, Stal.
Cercopis lydia, 8t31, Ofvers, Kong, Vet. Aka. Forh. p. 149, (1865). Cosmoscarta lydia, Butler, Cist, Ent. i. p. 257, (1874).
Brick red or saffron-yellow : head, anterior part of thorax, scutellum (except the frena), tegmina, anterior lateral part of prostethium, metastethium, anus and tarsi, black: base of the tegmina brick-red or saffron-yellow: wings sordidly hyaline, apex very slightly infuscate, base palely saffron. Body long 8—10: exp. teg. 20—23 millims.
Sometimes tegmina have no saffron bands and sometimes have two, one before and the other behind the middle.
Reported from E. India.
12. CosmoscarTa TRIGONA, Walker.
Cercopis trigona, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 660, (1851). Cercopis amplicollis, Walker, 1. c. Suppt. p. 175, (1858). Cosmoscarta trigona, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 257, (1874).
Thorax metallic bluish-black, shining: borders of scutellum, poste- rior margin of segments of abdomen, the anus, coxee and femora, and the tarsi at the base, red : tegmina bluish-black, tips brown, with a bifurcated basal’ streak and two bands, red; the basal streak with the median band contain between them an almost triangular patch, bluish black: the limb of the basal bifurcation on the hind border is much broader than that on the costal margin, neither quite reach the median hand. Body long 10—12: exp. teg. 23—29 millims.
Reported from N. India.
The Indian Museum possesses specimens from the Khasiya and Naga hills, the Dhansiri valley, and Sibsdgar.
13. Cosmoscarta DEcISA, Walker,
Cercopis decisa, Walker, List Hom. B. M. Suppt. p. 175, (1858).
Cosmoscarta decisa, Butler, Cist. Ent. i, p. 258, (1874),
A second species described under this name by Walker (in J. L. S. Zool. x. p. 278, No. 296, 1867) has been renamed 0. zonata by Butler (in Cist. Ent. i. p. 253, 1874). Walker describes C. decisu thus: ‘“‘ Black : head above and prothorax eneous-green, shining: prothorax
2
10 E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. I,
with a very indistinct keel: tegmina whitish testaceous at the base and with two whitish testaceous bands; middle band almost equal in breadth and parallel to the basal one; exterior band contracted hindward : wings greyish-vitreous.” Body long 74: exp. teg. 17 millims.
Reported from Darjiling. The Indian Museum possesses a specimen from Sikkim.
14. CosmoscarTa unpaTA, Walker. Cercopis undata, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 659, (1851): Stal, Ofvers.
Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh., p. 148, (1865). Cosmoscarta undata, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 258, (1874).
Black : abdomen shining violaceous: thorax and the spots or bands on tegmina croceous or rufous-testaceous ; an anterior transverse spot on the thorax and the posterior part, black: wings slightly infuscate, veins rufescent towards the base.
Var. a. Posterior half of thorax black: tegmina with almost the fifth basal part, posteriorly sinuated, a waved band a little before the middle, somewhat interrupted towards the claval suture, also a band beyond the middle, produced posteriorly in its middle, sometimes divided into three spots, rufous-testaceous. Body long 13: exp. teg. 80 millims.
This variety is reported from the Himalaya and the Indian Museum possesses specimens from Sibsagar, Assam, and Arakan
Var. b. about the fourth basal part of the thorax, black: tegmina with a waved band before the middle, twice subinterrupted, emitting at the costal and scutellary margins a stripe, sinuated within, also with three spots disposed in a curved row beyond the middle, the two exterior often confluent, rufous-testaceous. Body long 9—10: exp. teg. 24 millims.
Reported from Penang.
15. CosMOScARTA BISPECULARIS, White.
Cercopis bispecularis, White, A. & M.N. H. xiv. p. 426, (1844): Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 656, (1851) : Stal, Stettin Ent. Zeit. xxii. p. 153, (1866). Cosmoscarta bispecularis, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 259, (1874).
Cinnabar, shining : thorax with two very large, nearly oval, black spots in front of which are two small, nearly round, black spots ; pectus black ; underside of abdomen with two black bands: tegmina with a short black stripe at the base, near which three united black spots form a curved band across the wing; another band is formed in the middle by three separate black spots; reticulated part at the tips brown; wings grey, red at the base, brownish along the hind borders and at the tips. Body long 11—12 exp. teg. 26—29 millims.
Reported from India, Almora, N. W. P., Penang : the Indian Museum possesses specimens from Assam.
1885. } H. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota, 11
16. CosmoscartTa porstmacuLA, Walker.
Cercopis dorsimacula, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 658, (1851) : J. L. S. Zool. i. p. 95, (1856) : ibid. p. 165, (1857).
Cercopis quadrimaculata, Walker, 1. c. p. 661, (1851).
Cosmoscarta dorsimacula, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 259, (1874).
Walker’s Cercopis dorsimacula in List Hom. 1. c. p. 668, No. 41, is different and was renamed by him Cercopis tomentosa in J. Li. S. Zool. x. p. 284, (1867) : itnow stands as Phymatostetha stellata, Guérin (q. v).
Bright red shining: head with a short transverse streak along each side of the hind border; thorax with two very large black spots on each side of the disc and two smaller spots in front ; pectus and abdomen to- wards the base, black : arow of black spots on each side of the abdomen, of which the underside, except the hind borders of the segments, is black ; tegmina red with seven black spots, six large and more or less confluent form two curved bands; reticulated part lurid: wings lurid, red at the base; veins brown, red towards the base (Walker). Body long 12—14: exp. teg. 36—39 millims.
Var. a. abdominal segments with black bands.
Var. b. Body and tegmina testaceous with the usual spots.
Reported from N. Bengal.
17. CosmoscarTa FICTILIS, Butler. Cosmoscarta fictilis, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p, 259, (1874).
Allied to preceding but differs in its usually smaller size, narrower thorax, duller and more uniform colouring and much smaller and more regularly uniform black spots (Butler). Body long 12: exp. teg. 32 millims.
Reported from Penang, India, Silhat.
18. CosmoscaRTA DORSALIS, Walker.
Cercopis dorsalis, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 658, (1851). Cercopis connexa, Walker, List 1. c. p. 668, (1851).
Cercopis ramosa, Walker, Ins. Saunds. Hom. p. 85, (1858). Cosmoscarta dorsalis, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 260, (1874).
Walker describes O. dorsalis, thus :—“ Piceous shining ; shield very minutely punctured, impressed on each side in front; tibie and feet ferruginous ; tegmina red, black on the reticulated part; eight large, partly confluent, black spots on membranous part: wings brown, veins black.” Body long 9: exp. teg. 25 millims.
Reported from N. India.
12 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,
19. CosmoscarTa PALLIDA, Walker. ~
Cercopis pallida, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 657, (1851).
Cercopis ferruginea, Walker, List 1. c. p. 660, (1851).
Cosmoscarta pallida, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 265, (1874).
Walker describes C. -pallida, thus :—‘ Testaceous, head black, transversely striated, very convex in front: rostrum testaceous: abdo- men brown, testaceous at the base, and at the tip: tips of the feet brown: tegmina lurid, brown towards the tips: wings grey, veins brown.”’ Body long 11-13: exp. teg. 29-33 millims.
Reported from India.
20. CosMOSCARTA ELEGANTULA, Butler. Cosmoscarta elegantula, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 265, (1874).
Allied to preceding: head and thorax metallic greenish black : abdomen purplish black, castaneous at the tip: tegmina piceous, veins of basal half testaceous: base and a transverse band at end of second third reddish-orange : wings slightly fuscescent ; base rufescent (Butler). Body long 8: exp. tee. 20 millims.
Reported from India.
21. Cosmoscarta prictTinis, Stal.
Cercopis pictilis, Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Forh. p. 249, (1854). Cosmoscarta pictilis, Butler, Cist. Hnt. i. p. 266, (1874).
Obscurely green chalybeous; scutellum on both sides at the base and at the apex weakly spotted with cinnabar: tegmina sordidly white, basal margin and two bands weakly cinnabar; two spots, one smaller before the first band and the other between the bands and the apex nigro-fuscous : femora red ; tibis blackish. Long, 16; breadth of prono- tum 6 millims. Butler writes that it seems allied to P. signifera, Walker from the description and in that case would be a Phymatostetha.
Reported from H. India.
22. COSMOSCARTA BOREALIS, Distant. Cosmoscarta borealis, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 821, (1878).
Head and pronotum luteous, antenne black: abdomen and tegmina roseate, ocelli black, eyes luteous thickly covered with blackish markings : wings pale fuscous : pectus, cox, and femora luteous, fore and median tibiee black, hind tibie luteous with the apex black: the tip of the rostrum, tarsi, and a strong spine near the apex of the hind tibie, black. Body long 6 : exp. teg. 17 millims.
Reported from the Khasiya hills.
1885. ] K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 13
23. COSMOSCARTA ANDAMANA, Distant.
Cosmoscarta andamana, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 175, (1878): Waterhouse, Aids Ident. Ins. i. t. 58 (1880-82).
Sanguineous, finely and closely punctured: teemina with a broad band across the middle and the apex broadly black: these bands are united at the inner margin, sometimes very broadly: wings sordidly hyaline with veins much darker, base slightly sanguineous: femora, tibize and tarsi piceous, hind tibies with an acute spine (Distant). Body long 9: exp. teg. 24 millims.
Reported from the Andaman Islands.
Genus PuyrmatosrretuHa, Stal. Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 721, (1870). .
Frons tumid, seldom forming an angle below the middle, without a keel or longitudinal impression. Ocelli nearer each other than the eyes. Thorax with the posterior margin before the scutellum slightly sinuated posterior lateral margins straight or sinuated. Mesosternum furnished posteriorly with two conical tubercles. Feet moderate, posterior tibise armed with one or two spines.
24, PHYMATOSTETHA STALII, Butler.
Tomaspis circwmducta, Stal (nec Walker), Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 150, (1865).
Phymatostetha circumducta, Stal 1. c. p. 721, (1870).
Phymatostetha stalii, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 267, (1874).
Blackish : frons, apices of the lobes of the vertex, apical and lateral margins of anterior part of the thorax, scutellum before the middle, two bands on the tegmina, equally removed from each other and from the base and the apex, the anterior small stripe on the corium, and the scutellary limbus of the clavus beyond the middle, sordidly Iutescent : apical limbus of corium pellucid fuscous: wings fuscous, subsanguineous at the base: scutellum subequilateral; mesostethium with two distinct obtuse tubercles. Body long 14: exp. teg. 34 millims.
Reported from EH. India.
25. PHYMATOSTETHA ciRcUMDUCTA, Walker.
Cercopis circumducta, Walker, List Hom. B. M. Suppt. p. 175, (1858).
Cercopis costalis, Walker, List, 1. c. iti. p. 664, (1851)-
Phymatostetha circumducta, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 268, (1874).
The name C. costalis (1. c. iii. p. 664), had already been given to a local form of C. theora, White, by Walker (1. c. iii. 651) and was subse- quently changed by him to C. circumducta for this species.
14 E. T. Atkinson—WNoftes on Indian Rhynchota. [No.-1,
Black: head shining: frons with a semicircular luteous band which is prolonged in a conical form to the face which on each side is yellow: rostrum yellow, tip pitchy: prothorax with a Iuteous band along the fore border extending on each side to the base of the tegmina, scutellum lurid on each side ; pectus with large yellow marks on each side: abdo- men purplish black with yellow bands at the tip, ventral surface yellow with three rows of transverse black spots, the side rows on the edge: legs tawny, femora and fore tibizs brown, femora yellow beneath: tegmina dark brown with two narrow pale red bands, one at one-third, the other at two-thirds of the length, a yellow stripe extending along the fore- border from the base to the first band where it acquires a tawny hue, a pale red stripe extending along the hind-border from the base nearly to the first band: wings pale brown, almost colourless in part of the disc, luteous at the base, veins black (Walker). Body long 12: wings long 15 millims. A variety has two subapical spots on the tegmina red.
Reported from Malabar, Singapore.
26. PHYMATOSTETHA HILARIS, Walker.
Cercopis hilaris, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 665, (1851).
Phymatostetha costalis, Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 721, (1870). Phymatostetha hilaris, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 268, (1874).
Black : head shining; frons with a semicircular luteous band which is prolonged in a very broad conical form and occupies the disc of the face: the latter is pitchy, sides and epistoma yellow, rostrum yellow with a black tip: prothorax with a luteous band along the fore-border, extending on each side to the base of the tegmen: pectus yellow, dise black: with 2—3 black spots on each side: abdomen purple, under-side yellow with three rows of transverse black spots, the side rows on the edge which is very broad: tegmina dark brown with two narrow yellow bands : the first at one-third of the length, interrupted on the disc and marked by some dots thence to the hind border ; the second, at two-thirds of the length, slightly waved: a yellow spot on the dise between it and the tip ; a yellow stripe extending along the fore border from the base to the first band: wings greyish, tinged with brown at the tips and along the hind borders, luteous at the base. Body long 10: exp. teg. 25 mil- lims (Walker). Stal, 1. c. makes this a synonym of C. costalis, Walker.
Reported from Malabar.
27. PHYMATOSTETHA STELLATA, Guérin.
Cercopis stellata, Guérin, Icon. Régne Anim. Texte. p. 368, (1829-44): Stal,
Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 150, (1865). Cercopis dorsimacula, Walker, List. Hom. B. M. iii. p. 663, (1851) : J. L. 8. Zool.
i, p. 95, (1856).
1885.] EH. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. BS
Cercopis tomentosa, Walker, J. L. 8, Zool. x. p. 284, (1867). Phymatostetha stellata, Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 721, (1870) : But- ler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 269, (1874).
Black, dull: head with a band in front of the eyes, two spots on the disc of the thorax, the lateral margins of the thorax, aspot on each side of the scutellum at the base, eight spots on each tegmen of which one is at the base, three are costal or subcostal, three near the hind-broader and one near the tip, luteous: narrow apical limbus, lurid: wings brown, rufescent at the base, veins black. Body long 17: exp. teg. 37 millims.
Reported from Malabar, Malacca, Sumatra: the Indian Museum possesses a specimen from Jobore.
28. PuymarosTeTHa porsiviTTA, Walker.
Cercopis dorsivitta, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 662, (1851). Var. Cercopis humeralis, Walker, List 1. c. p. 662, (1851).
Phymatostetha dorsivitta, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 269, (1874).
Black slightly shining: head red, black on each side in front and along the hind border: thorax with three red stripes, the side pair ob- lique and extending on each side from the fore border to the base of the tegmina; abdomen purple above, red at the tip and on each side: tegmi- na bluish brown with seven red spots, three costal or subcostal, three on hind border, and one on the disc near the tip which is lurid and occupies the apical fourth of the tegmen: wings pale brown, red at the base. Body long 18: exp. teg. 42 millims.
Reported from N. India, Almora N. W. P., Silhat.
29. PuymatostetHa Pupica, Walker. Cercopis pudica, Walker, Ins. Saunders. Hom. p. 84, (1858), Phymatostetha pudica, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 269, (1874). Allied to P. signifera. Reported from Silhat.
30. PHYMATOSTETHA SIGNIFERA, Walker.
Cercopis signifera, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 655, (1851).
Tomaspis signifera, Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Foérh. p. 151, (1865).
Phymatostetha signifera, Stal, 1. c. p. 721, (1870): Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 270, (1874).
Blackish : frons before the middle, lobes of the vertex, a median stripe on the thorax and anterior lateral margins, scutellum, almost third basal part of the tegmina, pectus, venter, and feet stramineous : the stramineous portion of the tegmina with three irregular brown spots; beyond these, two arched patches and a transverse patch and the apical
18 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. ],
36. CALLITETTIX PRODUCTA, Stal. Callitettix producta, Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 153, (1865). Black, very finely punctured; apex of scutellum, the tegmina, abdomen, and feet, reddish testaceous: frons tumid, forming a nearly
straight angle, rounded at apex, without a keel: thorax hardly broader than long, lateral margins of fore part a little shorter than the anterior
margin: tegmina narrow, slightly amplified towards the apex. Body
long 7: exp. teg. 16 millims. ¢. Reported from E. India,
37. CALLITETTIX VERSICOLOR, Fabr.
Cicada versicolor, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv. p. 50, (1794): Syst. Rhyn. p. 69, (1803).
Callitettix versicolor, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 11, (1869).
Black shining, fuscous-pubescent ; tegmina with a spot before the middle of the clavus and a subtransverse spot on the corium placed be- tween the middle of the corium and the base, white; two spots behind the middle of the corium, the external large, transverse; the internal small, obsolete, placed at the apex of the clavus, sanguineous : wings un- coloured, apical margin slightly infuscate. Body long with the tegmina 1J]5—123: breadth of pronotum 3—33 millims. 9.
Reported from Tranquebar.
Subfamily ApHrorHorina, Stal. Aphrophorida, Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p. 55, 66 (1866): Aphrophorina, Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 722, (1870) : Scott. H. M. M. vii. p. 241, (1871). Anterior margin of thorax round or angular, eyes usually transverse ; scutellum flat, triangular.
Genus Pryretus, St. Fargeau & Serville.
Body very large: head somewhat narrower than the thorax or of the same breadth, short, anteriorly obtusely and roundly subangulated, entire anterior margin obtuse ; frons slightly convex, transversely obso- letely sulcated, clypeus not extending beyond the apex of the anterior cox: ocelli almost equally distant from each other and from the eyes or a little more distant: thorax finely rugose, quadrangular, anterior mar- gin broadly rounded: scutellum longer than broad: tegmina subcultri- form, narrowed towards the apex, very densely punctured : apical area of wing behind the second anastomosis posteriorly acuminate, not reach- ing the intramarginal vein: posterior tibie bispinose.
1885. | K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 19
I have not transcribed the descriptions of the following species attributed to Ptyelus by Mr. Walker as it is very doubtful whether they would be considered as belonging to it now and no representatives appa- rently exist in the collection of the Indian Museum.
38. PrypLus conirer, Walker.
Ptyelus conifer, Walker, List. Hom. B. M. iii. p. 711, (1851). Body long 6: exp. teg. 17 millims. Reported from N. India.
39. PTYELUS QUADRIDENS, Walker.
Ptyelus quadridens, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 711, (1851). Body long 8: exp. teg. 17 millims. Reported from N. India, N. Bengal.
40. PTYELUS SEXVITTATUS, Walker.
Ptyelus sexvittatus, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii, p. 715, (1851). Body long 53: exp. teg. 125 millims. Reported from N. India.
41. PryeLus punotum, Walker.
Ptyelus punctum, Walker, List. Hom. B. M. iii. p. 718, (1851). Body long 53: exp. teg. 12 millims. Reported from N. Bengal.
42, PTYELUS SUBFASCIATUS, Walker.
Ptyelus subfasciatus, Walker, List. Hom. B. M. iii. p. 724, (1851). Body long 4: exp. teg. 8 millims. Reported from N. India.
Genus APHROPHORA, Germar.
Mag. Ent. iv. p. 50, (1821) : Amyot and Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 563, (1843) : Scott, E. M. M. vii. p. 271, (1870) : Fieber, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3 Sér.) iii. p. 382, (1875).
Head almost as broad as the prothorax: vertex almost horizontal and somewhat flattened ; anterior margin sometimes rounded, generally very obtusely angulated: clypeus of variable length, reaching to or beyond the first pair of cox : rostrum long, 2—3 jointed ; ocelli two or sometimes absent ; when present placed near the posterior margin of the vertex and more or less remote from the eyes. Pronotum hexagonal or trapezoidal with a longitudinal keel continued through the vertex; ante- rior margin rounded or obtusely angulated, posterior margin frequently deeply angulate-emarginate, scutellum triangular, shorter than the thorax. Tegmina slightly coriaceous, ovally elongate, acuminate: wings with the inferior nerve furcate from the base or before the middle, Posterior tibies armed with 1—2 spines and a circlet of spinules at the
tip.
20 E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,
43. APHROPHORA SIGILLIFERA, Walker. Aphrophora sigillifera, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 700, (1851),
Testaceous shining: head and thorax flat, with a slight yellow keel rudely punctured, thinly covered with tawny down: head above short — mostly pitchy, slightly concave on the posterior margin, rather more convex in front; its length less than one-fourth of its breadth; face ferruginous, partly pitchy, slightly convex, with a very narrow yellow stripe which is most distinct towards the epistoma and is there traversed by two slightly curved yellow bands, one large, the other shorter and narrower ; on each side, are about ten oblique, slightly curved transverse ridges: rostrum ferruginous with a pitchy tip: pectus with a short, broad, black band between the fore and middle legs: abdomen luteous, reddish on each side and beneath: legs ferruginous, spotted with yellow, hind femora yellow: tegmina lurid, thickly punctured, narrow and conical towards the tips which are almost acuminate, brownish along part of the fore-border, on each side of a large subquadrate whitish spot which is in the middle: wings almost colourless, veins black, tawny at the base (Walker). Body long 7: wings long 15 millims.
Reported from N. India.
Genus Curovia, Stal. Hem. Afric. iv. p. 68, 75 (1866) : Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 723, (1870).
Head as broad as the thorax, rounded or roundly subangulated, varying in length, above flat, anterior margin of the lobes of the vertex acute, not furrowed; frons somewhat convex, clypeus moderately pro- duced at the apex, not extending beyond the apex of the anterior coxe: position of ocelli variable : thorax sexangular with the anterior lateral margins usually very short, parallel or very slightly diverging backwards, scutellum longer than broad: tegmina with the commissural margin beyond the apex of the clavus subangulated or a little rounded : posterior tibiz bispinose (Stal).
44, CLOVIA GUTTIFER, Walker.
Ptyelus guttifer, Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii. p. 712, (1851). Clovia guttifer, Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p. 75, (1866).
Lurid: head and thorax flat, finely punctured, thickly tawny pubes- cent ; head with a short yellow band and two black dots on fore-border ; face yellow, with a flat, middle stripe, on each side of which are nine oblique very shallow ridges, spaces between them tawny ; rostrum tawny with a black tip; abdomen luteous, pectus and legs yellow: tips of the spines and feet pitchy : tegmina ferruginous, thickly covered with tawny
1885. | HK. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 21
down, with two oblique whitish stripes on the fore-border near the tip where there-is a black dot; first stripe broad, second very small, a black dot on the hind-border near the tip anda few whitish streaks along the veins: wings colourless, veins black, tawny towards the base. Body long 65: exp. teg. 15 millims.
Reported from N. Bengal.
45. CLOVIA NEBULOSA, Fabricius.
Cercopis nebulosa, Fabr., Syst. Ent. iv. p. 50, no. 14, (1794): Syst. Rhyn. p. 94, (1803).
Clovia nebulosa, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 16, (1869).
Very pale yellowish-grey : two small median black spots on the head : tegmina obscurely fuscous, a very oblique anterior band, a some- what large median spot varied with fuscous at the commissure, an obliquely transverse spot behind the middle of the costal margin and a minute costal spot towards the apex, yellowish grey : two narrow median stripes abbreviated before the middle and a lateral subtriangular spot on the thorax also lateral limbus of scutellum, fuscescent. Long with teg- mina, 10; breadth of pronotum 3 millims.
Reported from HE. India.
Genus Carystus, Stal. Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., vi. p. 303 (1862): Hem. Afric. iv. p. 69, 81 (1866).
Head as broad or almost as broad as the thorax, obtusely angulated ; lobes of the vertex transversely impressed at the apex or furnished with a transverse ridge near the apex; frons slightly convex: rostrum short : thorax quadrangular or sexangular, in the latter case anterior lateral margins short: scutellum long, much longer than broad: tegmina membranous, pellucid, margined at the apex, obliquely roundly subtrun- cate at the apex: posterior tibie bispinose, upper spine sometimes very minute.
46. CARYSTUS VIRIDICANS, Stal. Ptyelus viridicans, Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Forh. p. 251 (1854) : Freg. Eug. resa, Hem. p. 286 (1859). Carystus viridicans, Spangberg, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. No. 9, p. 18 (1877). j Weakly olive-green, below with the feet still weaker: vertex and thorax anteriorly weakly rufous-testaceous : tegmina olive-yellow, hya- line: spines of the posterior feet black at the apex. Body long 5: breadth of pronotum 2 millims. Reported from Java, Malacca, Singapore, Tenasserim (?) :
22 HE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 1,
Subfamily Macu#rorina, Stal.
Macherotida, Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p, 55 (1866): Macherotina, Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Férh. p. 727 (1870).
Anterior margin of thorax round or angular, eyes usually transverse : scutellum much elevated, compressed posteriorly, furnished with a long apical spine. .
Genus Macu#rota, Burmeister. Handb. Ent. ii. (i) p. 128 (1835).
Head small, frons tumid, confluent with the vertex, furrowed in the middle, elevated at the posterior margin, bearing the two ocelli which are approximate: basal joints of antenne large, terminal sete long, fine, curved: pronotum septangular, arcuate: scutellum larger, produced backwards with a median longitudinal groove which is continued into a long, pointed, acute upwardly, curved downwardly, sabre-like process : tegmina hyaline, with seven cells at the apex and a large middle cell surrounded by a forked vein: legs simple, hinder tibiz and two first joints of the tarsi with a circlet of spinules.
47. MacH#ROTA ENSIFERA, Burmeister. Macherota ensifera, Burm. Handb. ii. i. p. 128 (1835) : Walker, List Hom. B. M. iii, p. 729 (1851) : Stal, Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Forh. p. 727 (1870): Signoret, A. S. E. F. (5 Sér.), ix, p. xlviii. (1879).
Light yellow with the second and third segments above, the median part of the frons, a space on each side of the metanotum and the origin of the process, black: tegmina and wings hyaline, the base of the tegmina and the claval portion of the wings, fuscous: tegmina with five apical cells of which three le towards the margin; above these, which gradually diminish in size, is a row of hyaline dots, on the margin itself : there are five brownish streaks on the prothorax of which the two median lateral ones are continued on the metanotum. Long 4 millims. ¢.
Reported from Philippines, Silhat.
48. MAcH@ROTA SPANGBERGI, Signoret.
Macherota spangbergi, Signoret, A. S. E. F. (5 Sér.), ix, p. xlviii. (1879).
Yellowish brown; the median part of the frons, the tip of the ab- domen above and the genital organs, black; feet brownish, posterior tibiae yellow with the tips black. Differs from M. ensifera in having the frontal grooves black and the tegmina longer and less rounded at the tip. Long 4 millims. 9.
Reported from Silhat.
1885. ] S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. 23
49. Macumrora punctuLatTa, Signoret. Macherota punctulata, Signoret, A. S. HE. F. (5 Sér.), ix. p. xlix. (1879).
Brownish yellow, with the middle of the frons, the abdomen above (except the base), the feet (except the posterior tibie), and the frontal grooves, black ; several transverse black spots on the thorax which is very finely punctured : metanotum brownish with two yellow, lateral, basal spots, the tip and the process blackish : tegmina elongate, five-celled and above the marginal two to three others smaller, very distinct : the hyaline nervures are spotted with several brown dots. Long 4 millims. 9.
Reported from Silhat.
Notre. Cosmopsaltria abdulla, Distant, noticed as No. 57 at page 226 of the Journal for 1884 is the same as Cosmopsaltria spinosa, Fabricius, No. 59. The Indian Museum possesses a specimen of Cosmoscarta siamensis, Butler, but the locality being uncertain, it has not been entered here.
Oe OOOO Oe EEO
IIl.—On Observations of the Solar Thermometer at Lucknow.—By S. A. Hint, B. Sc., A. R. 8S. M., Meteorological Reporter North- Western Provinces and Oudh.
[ Received 23rd March 1885 ;—Read 6th May 1885. |
In the volume of this Journal for 1883,* I have discussed some observations of solar radiation made at Allahabad with the ordinary black-bulb maximum thermometer in vacuo. The conclusions drawn from these were that the absorbing power of the atmosphere is depen- dent upon the tension of aqueous vapour and the quantity of dust suspended in the air, pure dry air being very diathermanous ; and that, when allowance is made for the variations of aqueous vapour, the mean results for the heating power of the sun during the years .1876—1882 exhibit a very uniform and gradual variation, culminating in 1878 and gradually decreasing afterwards, therefore presumably having an inverse relation to the number of spots on the sun’s surface. The resulting variation is so regular in its character that, irrespective of its pointing to a conclusion regarding the sun’s heat which is the reverse of that gene-
* Vol. li. Part 1.
24 S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. [No. 1,
rally held by solar physicists, I have always looked upon it as doubtful, and probably due in part to some fortuitous combination of errors. I therefore intend on some future occasion, possibly after the end of the present year, when the position of the thermometer at Allahabad will be changed, to go over the figures again, taking a longer series of obser- vations and making allowance for a cause of variation from month to month, namely, the elliptic form of the earth’s orbit, which was neglected — in the paper referred to. Meanwhile, I wish to lay before the Society the — results of some other observations bearing on the same question, which tend to confirm the conclusions arrived atin my previous paper. To the method by which these results are attained, less exception can be taken, because they are in every case derived from several observations made on the same day under different degrees of obliquity of incidence, in- stead of upon the single record of a self-registering instrument.
Shortly after hourly observations on four days in each month were commenced at Lucknow, it was discovered that the solar thermometer in use at that station had ceased to be self-registering. A new instru- ment was therefore brought into use on ordinary days, but the old one © was retained for the hourly observations. The records of all such obser- vations of this instrument since the middle of the year 1876 have been filed, but for the purposes of the present paper I have used only those of the eight years 1877—1884 inclusive. At Agra, similar observations of a non-registering solar thermometer have been made for some years on hourly observation days, but, owing to a change of instrument, the register for the years 1877—-1884 is broken. For this reason, and because the observatory at Agra is situated in the midst of the city, I have not thought it worth while to reduce the registers of that station, though they seem to confirm in a general way the results obtained from Luck- now.
Those parts of the Lucknow records which have been used for the purposes of the present paper are printedin Table I. The figures represent for each hour of observation the difference between the temperature of the black-bulb thermometer in the sunshine and the simultaneous tem- perature in the shade. Only those hours are given at which the sky was either quite free from cloud or at which the cloud proportion did not exceed 2-10ths of the expanse. In the months of July and August, very few clear days, thus defined, occur; consequently these months have been left out in drawing up the tables. For every other month in the eight years, except September 1878 and June 1880, there are some observations available. ;
1885. | 8S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Theymometer. 25
TasiE I.—Hacess Temperatures of Insolation on clear, or nearly clearfllays at Lucknow.
Hours of observation, Mean Time,
10 11 12 13 14, 15 16
January, 1877...7th | 23°9 | 43°3 | 51:0 | 52°1 | 561 wee oT 42°4| 29°1 4th | 411 | 51°0 | 59°5 on ak; cus eo ee vie 21lst | 41:5 | 52°5 | 575] 60°7 | 578 | 566 | 536 | 501 | 401
28th February......... (ins ee x tf sah tT; on aie ne, bus 14th | 42°0 | 53°8 | 55°0 | 57°3 | 62°8 | 57°7 | 55°3 | 464 | 42:1 28th | 440 | 541 | 58°83 | 594} 596 | 589 | 55°83] 511 | 45°4 BMareh...3.).5... 7th | 42°0 | 541 | 586] 59:1 | 589 | 581) 551 | 47:9 | 39°71 14th | 381 | 5271] 581] 561) 546] 541 | 52°6 ete nid 28th 628 athe eis 5 a a 56°1 | 52°9 | 49°6 | 41°9 oC (47a Cee set “te 3 ae rn Brg 14th | 47:1 | 53°6 | 57°6 | 581 | 571] 55:0 | 52°8 oe ae 21st | 48:1 | 53:1 | 561 | 56:5] 57:0] 55°5 | 54:0 | 50°7 | 445 Wiehe dies sods ene MEER | PROM roids. keds |. alia Pyne It teeter Dacia hte: 4c 14th Shs 55°8 .| 55°8 | 57°70 | 56:0 | 57:0 | 54°5 | 49°5 | 42°0 21st | 47°3 | 52°70 | 55°0 | 57°7 | 54-0 a 445 49°5 | 383 28th | 40°3 | 48°3 | 53:0 | 57:0 | 58:0 | 548 | 55°0 | 50°0 | 41°8 [ee a ee a UL ee a: ee rie a iF 49 ee ae 14th | 42°9 | 49°55 | 56:0} 55°5,.| 56°7 | 55°7 | 55°5 | 49°0 | 368 21st | 388°8 | 50°0 | 55:0] .... Ne ae hf) 41°0 | 35:0 28th eee eee iat oe ae September...... 7th 45°9 | 531 B73 | as me
i4ih'| 39-4 |'47-9 1] 560) SOR BEO L... be. 2ist | 40:9 | 47-8 | 49:3] 51:8 | 53:8
28th | 371 | 451 | 465] 583 | 540! .. | 51-01 47-01 355
Opstober. sv... "th Ent we a Sire ni ae ay Fp 14th | 43:6 | 48-9 | 53°61 55:4/ 5611} 5441! 50:3 | 451 | 35-7 Dist | 391 | 43-6 le46-4:0484 14501 | 486) vo}. baad sth | 40:1 | 46-41 546| 564) 56-4] 52.6] 486| 41:6 | 29-6
November ...... "th i. par Fd ih ae as 14th | 3571 494] ... | 581] 581] 556] 541 | 447-4/| Ise 2ist | ... | 441 | 51:4| 5641/1 5791 5761 5041] 4431} 20°3 28th Ha Or RMR 2 set Se ak or a haat
December ...... 7th a. = $f as ae Sie =e i a 14th | 41-5 | 523| 563] 545 | 585 | 52:0| 495] 4471 11-0 ret | 39°34 (nk | cei dee 47 d8O" at0'B” | 2B Las 28th ..
26 S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. [No. 1,
Hours of observation, Mean Time.
8 9 10 | 11 | 12 13 14 15 16 January, 1878...7th | 348 | 45°1 | 49°3 | 47:5 | 47:0 | 46:0 | 41°0 | 32°0 “ 14th ot = ie uae wae nit ts as soe “ 21st | 29°0 | 48°5 | 55°0 | 56°0 | 53°0 | 43°6 | 42°1 | 39°0 ten 28th eee soe eee ooo foo act ooe aoe ote
February......... 7th
61:1 | 58:9 | 51:4 | 40°6
601 | 46:9 | 87-4 March.........00 Tth | 45°5
460 | 60:0 | 61:6 | 641 | 621 571 | 6071 | 61:9 | 661 | 6571 14th | 45°4 3% ute ae aa: 65'5 21st ee nih se aut ts ae 28th ie eas ave 57°3 |" 58°0 | 680 Bord iis Wakade (4) omer on ive if vide tek 14th ae ant 50°71 | 561 | 67:1 | 67-1 MG suaterccs) VEN FANE, veicisccisss Tbh | 41-0 September ...... 7th
October ..... ws Zth | 39°6
14th
D. OQ: baal = : Aime > sri anes (o>) ou. w: ror)
18835. ] S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. 27
Hours of observation, Mean Time.
10 | 11 12 13 | 14; 15 | 16
January, 1879...7th | 30°1 | 468 | 55°0| ... véi vats re tr ry 14th | 81°38 | 56:0 | 53:0 | 53'1 | 52°4 | 614 | 49°1 | 40°12 | 30°4 21st | 86:1 | 55°5 | 67:0 | 596 | 55°4 | 476 | 444) 38:1] 28'6 - “ 28th} 35°6 | 50°3 | 643 |} 60°6 | 50°71 | 49°1 | 42°71 | 41:1 | 2571 February......... 7th} 417] a. 59°56 | 56:1 | 52°12 | 514 | 48°9 | 441 | 401
14th eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eae see 21st | 45:0 | 48°9 | 60°1 | 564] 55°9 | 546] 53'1 ; 45°1 28th | 42°3 | 534] 686] 6561 | 65°4 | 53°9 | 526 | 49:1 | 29°6 BEAR, ii 6.8 x: 7th 5h bas ves 676 | 566 | 546] .. we | 446
14th | ... 49°1 | 59°9 avy isk ea ww oe 21st | 52°6 | 561 | 631 | 6271) 611) 581) 564°9 | 43:1 | 41°9 28th | 44:9 | 52°6 | 585 | 59°0 | 55°0 | 54:0 | 48:0 | 445 | 40°3
Be sions 25 dene 7th | 47:1 | 50°8 | 59°5 | 60°8 | 62°8 | 62°8 | 59°6 ae 'G 14th | 48°9 | 56°5 | 59°5 | 60°3 | 60°8 | 60°56 | 55°8 | 513 | 40°8 28th | 43°8 | 56:0 | 61:0 | 61°8 | 62°0 | 61°38 | 54°8 | 47°5 | 46°5 ee wth | 44-1 | 58:0] 57-0 | 55:0 | 583 | 67:5 | 565 | 48:5 | 385 14th | 43°5 | 52°0 | 60°0 | 62°0 | 62:3 | 60°8 | 57:3 | 44°5 | 41°5
21st bee ahs fas ic laf oT) " * :
28th | 41°4; 52°6 | 63°5 | 62°0 | 61°0 cv ‘ os
WAC bx vei va vere 7th | 36°1 | 45°9 | 56°0 | 55°0 | 56:0 | 47°5 | 42°5 mae ind 14th | 888 | 52°5 | 66:5 | 58°3 | 60°0 | 59°56 | 57:5 | 39°8 | 27°0
Alst | ass 8 aaa in iis i To ie eae
28th
September ...... fic es a TP ia vi. ie she ree jae 14th | 37°3 | 461 | 536 | 52:9 | B11) 49:1 / 43:1 | 891 | 341
October ......... Te | ae eee ai 4 aS. * ‘7 Se 14th | 45:1 | 51:1 | 506 | 52:6 | 496 | 4761 461) 406] 326 2lst | 41:1 | 55°6 | 59°11 | 59°9.| 66°6 | 50°1 |} 46°51 | 36°1 | 281 28th | 49°6 | 55°2 | 59°9 | 59°0 | 56°1 52°4 | 43°1 32°6 | 29:1
November ...... "th| 39°3 | 542 | 58°7 | 69°4 | 53°6 | 461 | 40°71 | 86:8 | 21°4 14th | 35°7 | 624 | 578 | 486 | 476 | 442 | 89°6 | 36°7 | 286 21st | 45°5 | 53°4 | 6695 | 49°2 | 45°6 | 41:°4 |] 38°83 | 34°2 | 249 28th | 41°5 | 58°3 57°3 | 50°7 | 46°2 | 41:2 | 352 | 25°9 | 11°6
December ...... 7th | 37:9 | 55:5 | 59°7 | 496 | 48°4 | 46°6 | 42°3 | 359 74 14th | 32°99 | 48°5 | 55°0 | 49°5 | 47°6 | 38°9 | 36:1 | 33°9 | 22°56 21st | 36:0 | 445 | 565 | 526] 471] 451) 414 | 322] 189
28 S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. _ [No.1],
Hours of observation, Mean Time.
10 11 12 13 14 15
January, 1880...7th | 43°3 | 53:0 | 57:9 | 49°5 | 494 | 49°6 | 43°1 | 37°6 | 25°6 14th | 366 | 50°7 | 548 | 49°7 | 506 | 476 | 43°6 | 37°8 | 32°0
February......... 7th} 42:0 | 50° | 57:5 | 51:0] 519 | 504 | 47°6 | 481 | 346
2ist | 43:8 | 547! 59:9 | 563 | 546] 526] 50°4| 478 | 41°8 2sth| 381 | 57-4| 61:0 | 566 | 545 | 52:0 | 49:1 | 441 | 37-6
Mares cages. -3 7th | 28:0 | 47°6 | 554 | 536 | 53:9 | 491 | 46°8 | 47:8 | 31:9 14th | 33°6 | 49°4 | 581 | 56°0 | 54°8 | 52°8 | 49°38 | 448 | 34°8 21st | 39°6 | 47:0 | 52°2 | 496 | 55°8 | 53°8 | 46°8 | 418 | 39°3 28th | 38°6 | 47°6 | 541 | 55°8 | 56°6 | 53°8 | 52°0 | 51:3 | 43°3
Prados htt 4 7th | 43°6 | 50°6 | 54°1 1 aN ae 44, ae 40°8 14th ah Se ies Ean Ban ig a ae 28th ‘7 a ie “Ty 53:0 | 50°8 52°83 | 47°83 | 40°6
Ay eae oe Coe 7th | 45°6 | 53:1 | 56°6 | 56°8 | 556 | 5471 | 52°2 | 48°3 | 42°8 28th | 38°5 | 49°3 | 51°8 | 52°8 | 52°8 | 548 | 548 |] 51:2 | 42°8
ATELY ste Se 7th 14th 21st 28th -
September ...... ZEN mic a - cy ee ee i sae 14th ae a ae ae “Et aay on #5 Zist |} 45:1 | 50°0 | 561 ne F 28th eo re be ne
October sna. 7th| 286 | 47:1 54-1 | 59°1 56:0 | 5472 | 45°8 | 42°9 | 88°6 14th | 41°4) 49°99 | 57°6 | 59°6 | 58°8 | 586) 55°83 | 52°3 ae 21st | 44°6 | 52°11 | 52°76 | 56:4 | 58°7 | 564 | 543 | 45°6 | 29°8 28th | 46°6 | 53°6 | 62°6 | 62°9 | 666 | 62°7 | 59°7 | 516 sina
November ...... 7th} 39°6 | 51:1 | 541 |) 5711 466 | 45°6 ee te fe 14th | 42°0 | 50°5 | 536 | 536 | 461] 45°6 | 46°6 | 39°1 | 28°6 28th ve 52°38 | 568 | 53°'1 |-50°8 | 50°1 | 41°9 | 36:4) Zaz
December ...... %th| 85°7 | 480 | 55'6 i ev 556 | 541 a 14th | 36°0 | 46°5 ‘ 7s, 566 , 47°0 at 34°6 | 25°6 21st Bs ae ix sie 52:0 | 47°5 | 43°6 | 85°6 | 27°5 28th} 86°6 | 463 | 65°1 | 5671 | 49°6 a Ate. 271
tel
Ad a| r| q 4 :
1885.1
8 | 9 10 January, 1881...7th |... Me SC 14th | 38°6 50°8 54:0 21st | 346 | 51°5 | 59°0 28th | 54°3 | 60°8 | 643 February ...... 7th | 37°5 | 52°5 | 55°5 14th | 33°5 | 52°0 | 52°6 21st aaa st aa 28th | 29°5 | 52°6 |. 57°1 MYeroh. vss... FER | hes Fs ap. 14th be nae or 2ist | 45°5 | 55°8 | 59°L 28th | 445 | 51°6 | 5771 Se Man Piha eck Ae aa 14th | 45°6 | 53°9 | 56°9 2ist | 40°7 | 48°0 | 55:1 28th | 46°4 | 47°6 | 57°6 Me A ae 8 wth | 40:1 | 476 | 52:8 14th 5a et ae 2st | 375 | 47°38 | 52°83 28th | 41°1 | 48°3 | 53°38 TOT Veneseccatss 1b | Sa3 | 39°3 | 42°38 14th Ev, ae Ae 21st Las re a 28th September...... 7th 14th 21st. a ee a 28th | 41°8 | 52°8 | 56°8 October ......... ou | x, bet cor 14th | 42°6 | 51°7 | 54°6 21st | 48'6 | 52°6 | 53:8 28th iva aan a November ...... 750 ot ee a rh 14th | 47°3 | 541) 58°6 Zlst | 42°99 | 51°83 ) 556 28th | 42°8 | 49°7 | 541 December ...... Tth| 35°5 | 48°8 | 52°0 14th | 45°0 | 52°5 | 53°5 21st | 29°8 50°0 555 28th | 38°8 | 51°39] 54°75
11
12
53°5 49°9 54°1 74°7
54°6 55'1
576
55°3 55:9 55°8
54°3
55°3 54:6
538
54:3 53:3 53°9
53°6 541 45°6
52°9 4.6°6 47°6 54-1
Hours of observation, Mean Time.
13
56°7 50°1 52°9 172
54°6 53°6
54:8 553 52°6
53'°3
54:6 51°8
53°3
51:3 51:3 49-4,
48°1 50°6 49°6 40°9
47-9 42°6 43°6 49°8
29 14 | 15 | 16 49:9 | 46:6 | 28-0 42:6 | 38:6 | 29°1 48°8 | 41:1 | 31-9 53:1| 47:6 | 39°6 521| 4671 ... 52:8 |. 583 59 | _.. | 43:8 50°3 | 45°3 | 33°8 49:8 | 448 | 36-2 games tesa! 3 ae ie 42:3 47°3| 40:3 | 308 43:6 | 35°3 | 29-1 491 | 449 | 265 45:1 | 386 | 22-1 43°83 | 40:9 | 19°6 43:7 | 381 | 266 36:1 | 34:1 | 21-6 43:4 | 31:6 | 21-4 43:4 | 301 | 17°6 32:1 | 276 | 17°6 43:1 | 346 | 23-1
S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer.
January, 1882...7th 14th 21st 28th
February ...... 7th 14th 21st 28th
ee. oe 7th 14th 21st 28th
Aer A os ees 7th 14th 21st 28th
MSGi les ilesis 7th 14th 21st 28th
Diumay i 2.08. fs 7th 14th 21st 28th
September...... 7th 14th 21st 28th
October sc.00.4 7th 14th 21st 28th
November ...... 7th 14th 21st 28th
December ...... 7th 14th 21st 28th
30 S. A. Hill— Observations of the Solar Thermometer. [ No. l, Hours of observation, Mean Time.
8 9 |} a0 jour | we | 8) a4 ae ee 33:5 | 49:8 | 545 | 55:0 | 53-71 506] 481 441 | 324 35:3 | 382 | 525 | 555 | 555 | 510/-45-9] 41-4]... 29:5 | 423 | 51:5 | 545 | 558! 51-61 47:1 386/ 324 495 | 445] 566 | 576) ...| 404) i | 884 eee 45°5 | 525 | 594 | 6111 5911 5691 506) 426) 334 ee Vw ek etd ae boc) gee: aati ea 455 | 567 | 625 | 6061! 61:6] 59:9 | 57-4] B36! 446 31:5 | 481] 61:1 | 566 | 566] 551 521 | 469 | 376 39'3 51'°6 571 651 54°8 50'8 one aoe ote 506 | 534] 586] 693 | 568 | 5431 51-8] 426! 283 406 | 483 | 556 | 659 | 57-8] 688! 538] 44-31 306 456 | 536] 568 | 598) 59:0 | 546| 528] 49°31] 41:3 44-2 | 53:0] 683 | 598 | 5666] 518 | 493 | 4681 403 51°6 54:9 56'6 eae eee eee eee 45:3 | 548 | 563] 598] 55:3! 61:8] 4631 41-8 | 39°8 42-6 | 47-4]... ae | ow ge: tae 35:6 | 486 | 531 3 | oo | 521 | 524 | 521 | 478] 5081 508 | 463] 40:8 | 305 376 | 466 | 51:1 | 511 | 49:8 | 443 | 40:3 | 395 | 26-8 466 | 51:0 | 53:6 | 646) 486] 463] 41°3| 35°81 23°8 39:9 | 49:6 | 50:4] 499 | 48:1 | 426] 391] 3661 18°6 45°21 481 | 504 | 5061 47:1! 41:9] 381 | 309] 13:6 402 | 451 | 51:9| 503] 456] 41:6] 37:61 309 | 157 37°5 | 505 | 541 | 51:4| 466) 421 | 361! 261) 197 31:2 | 465 | 511 | 516! 49°61 43:1 | 371 | 27-6! 191 35:3 | 45:5 | 4861 476| 449 | 41:11 3611 2611 186 435 | 55:5 | 555 | 5461 511 | 45:6 | 376) 2711 166
1885. ] S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer.
Hours of observation, Mean Time.
21st 28th
Or - o> OU oO oO
8 9 10 2 [2 |] a | 11 13 14 January, 1883...7th | 27°8 | 40°8 | 47:0 | 48:4 14th | 345 | 49°5 | 52°53 | 52°1 50° 6 4G" 4, 38° 6 21st 28th 31: 5 4iy: 5 54: 0) 54: 5 50° 5 48° 5 Al: 5 February ...... 7th | 41:1 | 50°8 | 55°0 | 56°0 | 545 | 48°6 | 43°6 14th | 36°5 | 52°0 | 55:0 | 556) 5471 | 50°0 | 46°9 2ist | 375) 53°5 | 544) 549 |] 58:1 | 501 | 46:1 28th ots pee out oe ft eee oa March ee ee wane 7th a oe eee vee i} oo % 14th 21st 34" 6 4G" 6 BB: 6 BB 6 56" 1 52° 1 48° 9 28th | 40°6 | 50°6 | 52°6 | 55°3 | 5471 | 50°8 | 46°8 April rade ata "th | 43°6 | 53°6 | 55°1 | 56°3 | 54°38 | 50°8 | 46°8 14th 21st 48° 2 53: 8 56: 1 5B 8 BB: 6 54s 3 48° 1 28th | 37°6 | 49°6 | 53°6 | 55°6 | 558 48°8 DUS ae. ws colds vanes "th| 43°8 |) 50°8 | 548 | 55:8 | 548 | 52°3 | 4/7°8 14th | 866 | 548 | 56°38 | 54°8 | 53:1 | 50°56 | 49°5 21st | 380°6 | 43°6 | 448 | 48°8 | 55°6-| 56°3 | 49°8 Pi: 4 PE de eG 2. See is 7th| 8611] 508 | 53°83 | 556] 5281 49°38 | 46:3 14th ooo oot ot t aos e 21st ote gen ae e . 1 28th as oe oot 7 s September ...... 7th; 4411 486] .. ; 548 | 51:8 | 47°8 14th weld , oe oe i 21st ee ze a ae : 28th ox ‘ 52°99 | 52°0 | 51°38 | 47°8 | 44°38 Oetober s.4..00s5 7th a3 fi 14th 43° 1 4G" 9 | 48°6 50: 6 52: 8 | 53°8 AG: 8 21st | 506 | 53°8 | 53°6 | 53°4] 53°71 | 551 | 48°4 28th | 43°5 | 481 | 511 | 516) 541) 5461] 461 November seh alec "th vee ves oes 14th | 29°6 37° 1 42° 6 48: 6 52: 6 i sf Zlst | 32°55 | 41°5 | 53°5 52° 1 56° 6 | 58°6 Ei 28th | 49°35 | 50°5 | 47°6 A5'1 Se December ...... 7th e 40°5 | 40°5 | 44°4 | 45°1 | 45°6 | 861 14th A7°5 | 48:1 48° 6 | 44°6 | 85°6 : ‘6 6
32 S. A. Hill— Observations of the Solar Thermometer. [No. 1,
Hours of observation, Mean Time.
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 January, 1884...7th | 80°5 | 51°5 | 55°5 | 53:9 | 51:3 | 48°6 | 42°6 | 341 | 19°6 14th | 50°6 | 53°5 | 52°5 | 466 | 40°6 | 35°6 | 296 | 271 | 186 21st | 27°5 | 89°5 | 545 | 50°5 | 506 | 51:6 | 39°6 | 30°4 | 201 28th | 225 | 315]... 47°38 | 538 | 509 | 501] 456] .., February ...... 7th | 36°5 | 42°5 | 485 | 48:0 | 53°5 | 52°8 | 481 | 45°6 | 39°6 14th | 29°5 | 35°0 | 886 |) 43°6 | 47-4 | 52°6 | 50°4 | 446 | 246 21st | 315 | 47:0 | 53°6 | 546 | 546 | 569)! ... ee uk ZBtR | 408 ite 48°6 | 50°3 | 51°6 | 53°8 | 49°8 “ ve a Marehii...c..s0s: 7th | 30°99 | 446 | 506 | 486 | 48:9 | 53:1 | 488 | 41°6 | 32-1 14th | ... eee Bae oe JR: oa aoe ves tee 28th | 52°6 | 586 | 58°8 | 61°8 | 61°8 | 62°8 | 543 | 48°8 | 40°8 ATi 5. ieisdec... 7th | 41:1 | 526, 586 | 62°8 | 648 | 65°8 | 59°8 | 48°8 | 343 14th | 43:1 | 52°3 | 46°83 | 47:8 | 488 | 49°8 | 50°83 | 49°38 | 46:8 21st ee vat sth iM atk ts such =a 28th| 46°6 | 56°6 | 588 | 583 | 57°8 | 546 |) 52°6 | 46°8 | 38'8 Mayigi cate secs Vth}. Fas ee a vi at it ay ue 14th | 51°8 | 55°8 | 55°8 | 548 | 548 | 45°6 | 408 | 378] 35°8 21st | 50°6 | 54°8 | 57.8 | 578° 548 | 52°8 | 50°83 | 47:8 | 403 28th | 48°83 | 547 | 57°7 | 55°7 | 53°8 | 51:8 | 42°8 | 378 | 35°8 SUMS. «2s ncaeese-s 7th | 33°6 | 45°38 | 448 | 45°3 | 448) 458) ... vs 41°8 14th}... we ae tas ee “3: 36°8 | 35°8 | 25°8 21st | 41°6 sare 45°8 | 43°8 ves wee tee Z2BG |) sa he act oe ves oa September...... 7th ak ct 21st | 151 346 | 54°8 | 53°8 | 548 | 55°8 | 518 | 441 | 38°8 October ....:.5. 7th | 38°6 | 42°6 | 51°6 | 52°6 | 53°6 | 52°6 | 43°6 |] 33°6 | 27°6 14th | 40°6 | 476 | 51°6 | 53°4 | 506 | 49°6 |; 45°6 | 346 | 286 21st | 396 | 466 | 50°6 | 49°6 | 476) 46:6 | 44°6 | 33°6 | 11.6 28th | 39°6 | 476 | 516 | 506 | 45°6 | 416 | 386] 246] 96 November ...... 7th} 385 | 43°5 | 52°6 | 536, 536 | 45°6 | 41°6 | 246 | 22°6 14th | 35:5 | 475 | 506 | 496 | 476 | 45°6 | 446 | 286 | 12°6 21st | 245 | 445 | 49°9 | 526 | 496 | 46°6 | 43°6 | 23°6 |] 17°6 28th | 39°5 | 415 | 486 | 486 | 506 | 496 | 476 | 486 | 146 December ...... 7th} 39°5 | 525 | 485 | 446 | 42°6 | 43°6 | 346 | 276 | 22°6 14th | 43°5 | 52°5 | 485 | 516 | 45°6 | 406 | 246) 96] 79 21st | 180 | 245 | 475) ... 516 | 50°6 | 50°6 | 425]... 28th} ... watt ho 4 a ai we ve
1885. ] S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. 33
The differences botween the numbers given in the table depend primarily upon variations in the sun’s incident heat and in the proportion of this which is absorbed before reaching the instrument, the latter being dependent upon the composition of the atmosphere and the ob- liquity of the rays. Minor causes of variation depend upon the instru- ment itself and the nature of its surroundings, and upon the reflexion of heat from cloud, haze, or dust particles in the air; the instrument being designed to receive rays coming from all directions and not parallel rays only.
As regards the instrument itself, if its thermal capacity be large, it will be sluggish in responding to any change in the incident radiation. This will cause the incident heat in the afternoon to appear greater than in the forenoon. The Lucknow observations are not appreciably affected with any error of this sort, since the thermometer is a small one with a bulb not much larger than a pea and a tube so fine in bore as to make it easy to estimate tenths of a degree Fahrenheit in reading it. It would, therefore, respond almost instantaneously to any change in the ineident radiation, were it not that owing to frietion in the narrow tube the mercurial column seems to rise and fall by slight jumps and starts. Observations made at equal hour angles before and after noon may be expected, however, when combined, to eliminate any error due to the sluggishness or per salféwm action of the thermometer.
The effect of changes in the nature of the ground-surface beneath the instrument and in other objects in the vicinity cannot be readily eliminated. They have been reduced to a minimum, however, by placing the thermometer in the centre of an open space on a stand 4 feet high.
The antecedent probability that the variations in the absorptive power of the atmosphere must be very considerable is great, for, even if we have nothing else to go upon but the observations in Table I., these indicate that the total absorption is almost as great in June, when the incident rays at noon are nearly vertical, as in December, when the sun rises only 40° above the horizon. To estimate the absorbing power, it is necessary to make some assumption regarding the manner in which it varies with the thickness of the atmosphere traversed by the rays. The only simple formula yet proposed which gives results in fair accord with observations made on a clear day is that of Ponillet. This formula, it is true, applies in strictness only to radiation of one definite kind, because the atmospheric absorption is selective ; and Langley* has shown, by a hypothetical example, that the approximate constancy of absorption indi- cated by applying the formula to observations made on the same day at the most various angles of obliquity may co-exist with an error of
% Zeitsch. d. Oest. Gesollsch. fiir Met., B. xx, S. 86.
34 S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. [No. I,
nearly 50 per cent. in the deduced coefficient. Nevertheless, since it is impossible in practice to apply the method of prismatic analysis to all the very numerous actinometric observations which are required to prove the constancy or otherwise of the sun’s radiation, and since the results of such an analysis must necessarily be vitiated to some extent by the selective absoption of the prism, some simple formula must be used and that of Ponillet is the best hitherto suggested. Hven if the atmospheric. absorption and consequently the radiation before it enters the atmos-_ phere, as determined by this formula, be both much less than they ought. to be, their variations from day to day or from month to month deduced by means of the formula must be in the same direction ag they are in reality.
Ponillet’s formula is r = Ap*, where vr is the observed heating effect, A. the effect undiminished by atmospheric absorption, p the diathermancy. or transmission coefficient, and e the thickness of the atmosphere tra- versed by the rays. Table II. gives the values of e which have been employed in reducing the Lucknow observations. They have been calcu- lated to a first approximation only, that is to say, they are equal to the se- cants of the sun’s zenith distance at the hours of observation.
TabLE 11.—Atmospheric Thickness at Lucknow, Latitude 26° 50’ N.
Hours of observation, Mean Time,
Date.
8 9 | 10 11 12 13 14 15 | 16
January vivre Vth | 444 | 2°62 | 1:89 | 1:62 | 1:53 | 1:59 | 1°81 | 2°33 | 3°86 14th | 4°38 | 2°49 | 1:85 | 158 | 1:50 | 154] 1°75 | 2:28 | 3:38
2ist | 4:29 | 2°43 | 1:81 | 155 | 146 | 150 | 169 | 213 | 3°23
28th | 4:15 | 2°34 | 175 | 1:49] 141 | 144) 162] 2°01 | 3:06
February .... 7th | 3°79 | 2°21 | 1:62 | 1:43 | 1°35 | 1:38 | 1:54 | 189] 2°80 14th | 8°65 | 2°12 | 1°61 | 138 | 1:30 | 1:33 | 1:47 | 181} 2°61
Qist | 825 | 2:00 | 1:54) 1:33 | 1:25 | 1:28 | 142] 174) 2°48
28th | 2°99 | 1°89 | 1:47 | 1:27 | 1:20] 1:28 | 136] 166 | 2°34 March...ico00 7th |.2°71 | 1°78 | 1:40 | 1:28 | 1:17 | 1:20 | 133 |) eRe 14th} 2°51 | 169 | 1°34 1:19 | 1:18 | 1:17.| 1:29) Daye
Qist | 2°34 | 1:63 | 1°31} 1:16 | 110} 115 | 127) Bebe
28th | 219 | 1°55 | 1:26 | 1:12] 1:08 | 1:11} 1:23] 1:49 | 2-04
April ...cu00. 7th} 2°08 | 1:47 | 1:21-)-1:09-) 1:05 | 109 | 1:21) aaa 14td | 1:93 | 1:42 | 1:18 | 1:07 | 1:04] 1:07 |; 1:19 | 1°43] 198
21st | 1:86 | 1:39 | 116] 1:06 | 1:03 | 1°06 | 1°17 | Stee
28th | 1°80 | 1°36 | 1:14 | 1:04 | 1°01 | 1:05 | 2:16) Daareree
May vcs Vth | 074 | 183) 118 | 1°08 | 1:01 | 1:04) 115 ) Pas ee 14th | 1°71 | 1:32 | 1:12 | 1°03 | 1:00 | 1°04 | 1:16 |) Bea
21st | 1:69 | 1:81 | 1:12 | 1:03 | 1:00 | 1:04; 114 | 135 | 1:77
28th | 1°69 | 1381 | 1:12 | 1:03 | 1:00 | 1:03 | 1:13 | 1:34) 1°74
1885. ] S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. 35
Hours of observation, Mean Time,
Date, i
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Juno >... vom Vth | 169 | 181 | 1:12) 1:08 | 1:00) 1:08 | 113] 1°32 | 1°70 ete oO |: 82.) 1:22. |,1:038. }-1:00:; 1°03 | 1:42. | 2°83 | 1°69
wien Lye | 13a | tts} 0a | 100 | 1°08 | TiSe|.181 | 1°68
28th | (2°72 |-O33. | (1:13°| 1-03 |). 1:00 | 1:03 | 112°) 1°30 | 1°66 September..,.., 7th | 2°02 | 1°47 | 1:22 | 1:11 | 1:06 | 1°11 | 1:28'' 1°50! 2°06 45h) 206} 0°50.) 1°24; 1°18 | 08 |, 2:13-F 1-27 | 1°56 | 2°20
Pint) a tbo.) 1:27.) -8e | 110 | Vi6 281.1. 1:63 | 2°84
Pep oe SG 20 17 ot 2S | 120°} 2'96 | 1°71 |-~-2°69
October isis Teo |) 2oe|h64 |°1:36 | 1:23 | 1:19 | 1:26 | 1°45. | 1°85) 2°86 14th | 237 | 168 | 1:38 | 1:25; 1:22 | 1:30] 1:49 | 1:92 | 3°04
sist (yee | 1:63 | £43 | 129 21:26) 1:34) 1°56 | 2°02 |. 3°31
28th | 2°60 | 1:80 | 47 | 1:33 | 1:30 | 1:39 | 1°62 | 2°18 | 38°60
November ..,... 7th; 2°84 | 1:92 | 156 | 1:40 | 1°37 | 1:47] 1:72 | 2:30 | 4°06 14th | 3:04 | 2°01 | 162 | 146) 142) 152 179 | 240) 4:33
21st | 3°23 | 2:04 1°68 | 1°50 | 1:46 , 156 | 184] 2°48] 4:58
28th} 3'45 | 2:19 | 173 | 1:54 | 1:50 | 1559 | 1:88! 2:53 | 469
December ...... Vth | 3°81 |. 2:32 | 1:81) 2:59) 1:54) 1°68 | 1°91 | 2:57 | 4°73 14th | 406 | 2°40 | 1°85 | 162 | 1:56 | 1°64 | 1:92 | 2°55 | 4°64
2lst | 4°30 | 2°47 | 1:88] 1:63 | 1:56 | 1:64] 1:90 | 2°50 | 4°42
28th | 445 | 2°51 | 1:89 | 163 | 1:56 | 1:62] 1:87 | 2°44 | 4°19
In making reductions of actinometric observations it soon becomes evident that the atmospheric absorption varies not only from day to day, but frequently from hour to hour. In nearly every month it seems to be greater at Lucknow in the afternoons than in the forenoons, as might be anticipated from the disturbances caused by diurnal heating, evaporation, and the quantity of dust stirred up in dry weather by the diurnal winds. Besides this general and regular increase from forenoon to afternoon, there are numerous irregular changes from hour to hour, which render it very difficult to estimate fairly the true absorbing power and the inci- dent heat. Tor example, if the absorbing power happens to be greater about noon than in the morning or evening, the curve representing the variation of the observed heating effect will be flatter than it should be, and the deduced value of the incident radiation will be too low ; whereas, if the absorbing power be least about midday, the deduced solar constant will be too high.
To reduce errors of this kind to a minimum, I have, wherever the series of observations for the several days of a month were complete or nearly complete, taken the mean for each hour, and then deduced the constants A and p of the formula from these mean values. In other
36 S. A. Hill—Observations of the Solar Thermometer. [iNo. 1,
cases, I have made a graphic representation of the logarithms of the observed radiation on a scale the abscissa of which represented the values of e; and any observation which fell wide of the straight line indicated by the formula has been rejected.
Proceeding in this way, I have arrived at the following probable mean values of the solar radiation undiminished by absorption, and of the absorbing power of the atmosphere for vertical rays. The latter are the values of (1—p) when p is defined as above.
Taste I1].—Mean Values of the Constant of Solar Radiation in Degrees of the Black-bulb Thermometer.
| Mean of Year. |Jan.|Feb.|March| April. |May| June. | Sept.|Oct. |Nov.|Dec. all Hight months. |months.* 1877 ... | 76:1, 78:2) 72°7 | 73°3 |80°4| 86°6 | 77-6) 79°8) 9171) 85°5} 801 79°6 1878 ... |78°5|90°8} 88°3 | 85°0 |92°4) 95°38 | P | 85°4) 84-6 79°2) 86:7 85'5 1879 ... |76°7|77°6| 80°1 | 92°7 |99°2} 85°9 | 77-1|74°6' 71:2 69°4) 80°4 80°2 1880 ... {73°2|78°6, 83°3 | 75:9 |80°6! P 80°7 |'79°1| 68°3 '70°7| 76:7 76°2 1881 ... | 72°4'74°0) 781 | 72:2 |85°7| 77-5 | 73°9|'73°6|67°6|'71°7| 74:7 744 1882 ... |'75°2/79°5| 78°8 | 81:9 |'78°8| 73:4 | 70°6| 68°8) 67°5| 71'3) 746 75°2 1883 ... |74°4/73°0| 76°6 | 80°9 |77°8| '79°7 | 74°91 '74°9|'76°1)'75°7| 76°4 76°2 1884 ... | 74°7|'74°0] 74°6 | 82°5 |82°0! 77°6 | 77°6|73°8|'78°7|'76°4| 77-2 Cita. Mean |75°2)78°2| 79°0 | 80°6 | 846) 82°4 | 76°1/76°2 750 75°0| 783 78°0
Taste LV.—Coefficients of Atmospheric Absorption for Vertical Rays.
Year Jan. | Feb. |March| April.| May. | June.| Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec. LS) nae "175 | :194| °188 | -216 | °294 | °342 | °272 | °*269 | ‘268 255 AS7B vanes ‘260 | 264 | ‘269 | °266 | *354 | -407 P ‘274 | *251 230 POGe waa gs "212 | °199 | °226 | °324 | ‘390 | °358 | °312 | °2382 | -191 °201 BESO cs cas 79 Pe2Et | Sb71 260 | “S06 rs ‘256 | *259 | ‘187 ‘160 A881» esas: ‘201 | -194, | +230 | °255 |: °360.| °377 | *218 | -233:\ 797s "205 VBE? ices: "199 | °218 | ‘258 | :295 , ‘302 | ‘811 | *231 | °240 | °228 "224 LBBB agi: 222 | °224 | °278 | -316 | *306 | °319 | °277 | :235 | “225 a0 eae 1884 ...... 241 | :243 | °245 | °251 | °277 | -324 | °272 | :368 ) :274 ‘267
Mean ‘211 | "218 | “251 | “279 | ‘826 | “333 | ‘262 )° °2b1 | “226 220
#* June and September being left out.
1885. ] 8. A. Hill—Obdservations of the Solar Thermometer. 37
From Table III., it appears that the variation of the solar heat from year to year has been similar to that deduced from the Allahabad obser vations, while the range indicated is even greater. The highest annual mean is that for 1878, when the sunspots were ata minimum, and the lowest, that for 1881 or 1882, when the spots were probably at a maxi- mum.
Such a very distinct variation in the sun spot period must, I think, be the effect of a real variation in the emission of solar energy, but the great range of the observed inequality is probably due in part to other causes. It is evident from the means at the foot of Table II. that all the terrestrial causes of variation have not been eliminated, for, whilst these means are nearly constant for the months of September, October, November, December, and January, they are much more variable and considerably greater in the dry hot months of the year. If the excess temperature of the solar thermometer above that of the air were a true measure of the solar radiation, it should, when the observations are corrected for atmospheric absorption, give somewhat lower results for May and June than for December and January, on account of the greater distance of the sun in the former months. The opposite variation which is observed must be due to heat reflected from the bare hot ground and from the dust particles suspended in the air.
Since the bareness and hardness of the ground-surface under the instrument and the quantity of dust in the air are due to the same cause, and increase pari passu; it is, perhaps, justifiable to assume that the increase of the observed effect which is due to reflexion may be taken proportional to the quantity of dust. That is to say, we may put
A= F (1 + ad). In this formula A represents the mean value for any r
month at the foot of Table III.; S, the value this mean would have if the ground were moist and grassy, the air free from dust, and the earth at its mean distance from the sun; 7 the radius vector of the earth at the middle of the month; d the proportion of dust in the air; andaa coefficient which remains to be determined. The proportionate num- bers for dust which I have assumed are :— Jan. Feb. Mar. Ap]. May June Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 8 5 eee ee 6 0B 1 2 These differ somewhat from those already adopted for Allahabad,
but, perhaps, represent the facts more justly. By means of the formula, with these values for d, we find :—
Soe 0?
Ot OLDE In the month of May, therefore, the observed radiation is 15 or 16 per
38 S. A. Hill— Observations of the Solar Thermometer. [No. 1,
cent. greater than it would be if the ground were grassy and the air free from dust, other things being the same.
It follows from this that in a dry year the solar thermometer will give higher indications than in a damp one when due allowance is made for variations in atmospheric absorption. There can be little doubt that part of the great excess of the results for the latter half of 1877, the whole of 1878, and the first half of 1879, above those for subsequent years, is due to this cause; which is still better illustrated by comparing the months of March, April, and May, 1877, with the same months of 1879. In the former year the spring months were unusually showery, and, in consequence of this, the ground-surface was covered with grass, whilst in 1879 no rain fell and the ground was quite bare and dusty.
The conclusion to be drawn from this investigation seems to be that, while the results indicate a rather strong presumption in favour of the hypothesis that the emission of solar heat varies inversely with the number of sun spots, the hypothesis can only be definitely proved by observations of some kind of actinometer which is protected from reflexion and receives direct solar rays only. Probably, the form of instrument which will be found most useful is a thermopile turned by clock-work so as to face the sun and attached to a reflecting galvano- meter by means of which the heating effect can be photographically recorded.
The absoption coefficients given in Table IV. are least in the cold weather months and greatest in the hot season and the rains. Since these coefficients are dependent upon the constitution of the atmosphere, it may be assumed, as it has been in my previous paper, that the con- stant p of Ponillet’s formula is the product of three factors, a®, Bf, and y4, where b is the barometric pressure, f the pressure of vapour, and d the proportionate number for dust. In strictness, 6 should stand for the pressure of the dry air only, but as the aqueous vapour thins out about three times as fast on ascending as it would do on the hypothesis of an independent vapour-atmosphere the pressure of the dry air is not (0—/), as some suppose, but something very little less than b.
The mean values of the barometric pressure and tension of vapour observed at noon in the days given in Table L., are the following :—
Pressure. * Vapour Tension. January 29+ °714 in. ‘804 in, February 660 "281 March "029 374 April "415 "4.06 May "293 568
June ‘171 "674:
1885. | L. de Nieéville—LZist of the Butterflies of Calcutta. 39
Pressure. Vapour Tension. September 841 in. ‘T79 in. October 546 ‘4.64: November ‘669 ‘335 December ‘709 268
By inserting these figures and those for dust above given in the formula, log p = b loga + f log B + d log y, itis found that the most probable values of the constants are :—
a = ‘99518 y = (98924
These results, while confirming those already arrived at, indicate that the absorption of solar radiation by dry air is greater than I have hitherto supposed, though not nearly so great as the absorption by water vapour. i |
IV —List of the Butterflies of Calcutta and its Neighbourhood, with Notes on Habits, Food-plants, §ce.—By Lionet DE Nice’viLie.
[Received 15th October ;—Read 3rd December, 1884. |
In the ‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ 1882 vol. XIX, p. 33, there is a paper by Mr. G. A.J. Rothney, entitled, “ A list of the Butterflies captured in Barrackpore Park during the months of Septem- ber, 1880, to August, 1881.” In this list, however, only 98 species are mentioned, which probably all occur in Calcutta, the two places being but 14 miles apart, and both situated on the low-lying deltaic banks of the Hughli. I have accordingly included all those of Mr. Rothney’s species which I have not myself met with in Calcutta, distinguishing them by an asterisk prefixed to the serial number.
One of the most interesting points to which my attention has been drawn in these butterflies is the occurrence of seasonal dimorphism, there being in several species an ocellated form which occurs only in the rains, the cold and dry seasonal being non-ocellated. The constancy of this phenomenon is such that I cannot help thinking there must be some physical reason for it, can it be a protective one ? The difference in the garb of the surrounding vegetation makes it little remarkable that a change should be found in the coloration of the butterflies of the two seasons, but it is difficult to see why this change should show itself in the obliteration or development of ocelli. The only hypothesis which TI can suggest is, that during the rains the density of the vegetation is such
40 L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. [No.1],
that the butterflies can easily hide their conspicuous ocelli, while in the cold and dry seasons the ocelli, easily seen through the scantily-clothed jungle, would render the butterflies an easy prey to their inveterate enemies the birds, lizards, and insectivorous insects ; so that the ocellation being a cause of danger would have a worse chance of survival, and consequently would be gradually wiped out by a process of a survival of the fittest, the fittest in this case being the least gaudily-marked indi- viduals. Were this the case, however, the non-marked forms would certainly survive during the rains, for their homeliness of coloration, though no longer absolutely essential, would still give them an ad- vantage over their ocellated brethren, unless indeed the ocelli are preserved by sexual selection at this time when the struggle for bare existence is not so keen as at other seasons.
Suborder RHOPALOCERA.
Family NYMPHALID2.
Subfamily Danainaz.
#1, Dawars (PARANTICA) AGLEA, Cramer.
[have never met with this species, Mr. Rothney records it as ‘rare.’
2. Dawars (TIRUMALA) LIMNIACE, Cramer.
Very common everywhere at all seasons.
3. Dawnais (Limnas) curysippus, Linneeus.
The commonest butterfly met with here as elsewhere.
4. Dawnats (Limnas) aucreporpres, Moore.
A single individual has been taken ina garden at Ballygunj in March. Since the first volume of ‘The Butterflies of India’ appeared, I have received single specimens of this erratic species from Fyzabad in Oudh, from Bholahat in the Malda district, and from Khurda, Orissa. I have no doubt in my own mind that D. alcippoides is a casual variety, aberration, or “sport” of D. chrysippus, which would almost certainly be proved to be the case by breeding from a batch of eggs laid by a female D. alcippoides, when I should expect to find all, or nearly all, the resultant butterflies of the true chrysippus form.
5. Dawnais (SALATURA) GENUTIA, Cramer.
Almost as common as the preceding.
6. Danais (SALATURA) HEGESIPPUS, Cramer.
Decidedly a rare species, I have only seen seven specimens in all, five taken by myself in the two last months of three successive years, one taken by Mr. W. Doherty also in the cold weather, and one in March
1885. | L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. AL
in a garden at Ballygunj; all these specimens, except the last, were taken in the Sealdah district. This species is exceedingly common in some localities, Rangoon for instance; its rarity in Calcutta is a strange circumstance.
7. Eupt@a (Crastria) core, Cramer.
A very common species occurring at all seasons.
8. EHurpra@a (Paprmma) KoLuart, Felder.
By no means a rare species, and occurs in company with the pre- ceding. Both species have a very strong but not actually disagreeable odour, which neither my friends nor I are able to compare with any named scent. The males of both species may often be observed patrolling a small aérial space with the end of the abdomen curled under the body towards the thorax, and with the two beautiful yellow anal tufts of long hair distended to their fullest extent at right angles to the body. It seems very probable that these tufts or brushes of hair are used like holy-water sprinklers (aspergilli) for disseminating the scent with which their bodies are charged as an attraction for the females or to warn off their enemies ; but it should be observed that the females are similarly odoriferous, though they are unfurnished with the male disseminating organs.
Mr. Moore in one of his tables* of ‘‘ Mimetic species of Huplceine [= Danaine] (Group B)” gives these two species, with another that does not occur in the Calcutta district, as mimics. As far as these two species go at any rate, Ido not think he is justified in surmising that one mimics the other. In the first place, as both are strong-scented, and, as far as my olfactory nerves show, have the same scent, it seems impossible to say which is the model and which the mimic, though H. core is the commoner species of the two. Again, for the same reason both would be equally distasteful to their enemies. On the wing I can generally distinguish the males of HH. kollart from H. core; it is impossible, however, to distinguish between the opposite sexes of either of the two species when flying.
Subfamily Saryrina”.
9. Mycarnests (ORSOTRIZNA) MEDUS, Fabricius.
Occurs somewhat sparsely during the rains, not met with im the winter or hot weather.
10. Mycatusis (ORSOTRIZNA) RUNEKA, Moore. As above, but met with only in the cold and dry weather. J think
it will hereafter be proved by breeding that these two supposed species are but seasonal forms of one species. For some reason at present un- * Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 209. 6
42 L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. [No. 1,
known, the rainy season seems to give birth to ocellated forms amongst the Satyrine.
11. Mycatesis (CALYSISME) BLASIUS, Fabricius.
Not uncommon during the rains. The glandular patch of scales which is placed on the underside of the forewing on the submedian nervure in the middle of a nacreous patch in the male is black and small. Mr. Rothney’s list gives an additional species (M. samba).
12. Mycannsis (CALYSISME) PERSEUS, Fabricius.
Very common during the cold and hot weather. The glandular patch is black and small.
13. Mycatesis (CALYSISME) MINEUS, Linnzeus.
Not uncommon during the rains. The glandular patch in this species is ochreous and large.
14. Mycatnsis (CALYSISME) INDISTANS, Moore.
Common during the cold and hot weather. The glandular patch is ochreous and large.
Summary of the four preceding species. Breeding will almost undoubtedly prove that M. perseus is the dry season and M. blasius the wet season generation of one species, and that similarly M. indistans is the dry season and M. mineus the wet season generation of a second species, thus reducing the species of the subgenus Calysisme occurring in Calcutta to two species, an ocellated form of both with an inner white fascia (M. blasius and M. mineus) occurring during the rains, and a non-ocellated form with the white fascia obsolescent (M. perseus and M. indistans) occurring during the dry season. }
15. Lerue nuropa, Fabricius.
In the cold weather this species affects dry ditches. It occurs also during the rains.
16. YPprHIMA PHILOMELA, Johanssen. ~
Common amongst grass throughout the rains.
17. YpruiMA MARSHALLII, Butler.
Common everywhere during the cold and hot weather. This and the preceding species are probably seasonal forms of one and the same species.
18. YPTHIMA HUEBNERI, Kirby.
Common everywhere during the rains.
19. Ypruima HOwRA, Moore.
Common everywhere during the cold and hot seasons. Similarly this species and Y. huebneri are probably but two generations of one and the same species, the strongly ocellated form in both cases occurring during the wet season.
20. MeLANITIS LEDA, Linneeus.
1885. | L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. 43
Very rare in Calcutta in the early winter, common during the rains.
21. MBLANITIS ISMENE, Cramer.
Common in the cold and dry seasons. Keeps in shade under trees and bushes and amongst dead leaves during the day, but flies about rapidly in the evening. I have but little doubt that this and the preced- ing species are but seasonal forms of a single species.
Subfamily ELyMNIINz.
22. HLYMNIAS UNDULARIS, Drury. A common species. t'eeds on Palmacec.
Subfamily Morpuina.
93. DIscoPHORA TULLIA, Cramer.
I have taken this species in dry ditches during the cold weather only.
*24, DiscopHora ZAL, Westwood.
I have not met with this species. My Calcutta females of D. tullia do not at all agree with Westwood’s figure of D. zal. Mr. Moore informs me (in epis.) that “ D. tullia and D. zal are undoubtedly distinct species ” and that he has ‘‘ one male of D. zal, and it agrees well with its female, of which I have specimens, in having three rows of well-defined spots on both fore and hindwings.”
Mr. Moore has of late placed some of the genera usually included under the subfamily Morphine under the subfamily Nymphaline. Had he ever had an opportunity of seeing these species alive, I am sure he would certainly never have done s0 ; all of them affecting shade, flying but little unless disturbed, and resting near the ground with closed wings usually amongst dead leaves. In these habits they agree with the Satyrince, in which subfamily they might perhaps be placed, though in my opinion they are better left under a subfamily of their own; the bold flight and sunshine-loving habits of the Nymphalince (most of which, moreover, rest with wide-open wings) seeming entirely to forbid their being associated with that family.
Subfamily AcrmInaz. 25. TELCHINIA VIOLA, Fabricius. Common throughout the year. Subfamily NympHaLima. 26. CrTHosiA cyANE, Drury. A single worn female taken in the cold weather in a garden at Alipur.
*27. CIRRHOCHROA ANJIRA, Moore.
dt L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. [No. 1,
Mr. Rothney captured a single female specimen at Barrackpore. I have never met with it in Calcutta, but have received a single female from Bholahat in the Malda District.
28. ATELLA PHALANTA, Drury:
A very common insect at all seasons.
29. PYRAMEIS CARDUI, Linnezous.
A single female in the Botanical Gardens in November, one male at Ballygunj in March taken by Mr. T. G. H. Moncreiffe.
30. JUNONIA LEMONIAS, Linneeus.
31. JUNONIA ATLITES, Linnzus.
Placed under Precis laomedia in the Barrackpore list.
32. JUNONIA GNONE, Linneeus.
Common in the Botanical Gardens.
33. JUNONIA ORITHYA, Linnezeus.
Somewhat rare in Calcutta.
34. JUNONIA ASTERIE, Linneeus.
35. JUNONIA ALMANA, Linnezeus.
J. almana is almost undoubtedly the dry season and J. asterie the wet season form of one and the same species.
36. Precis 1pHita, Cramer.
A single male taken in March in a garden at Ballygunj.
37. Ercouts rnpica, Moore.
Common. Larve feed on Tagia involucrata, a twining plant with hairy stinging leaves.
Mr. Moore has lately separated this species from the Javan JH. ariadne ; under which name it appeared in the Barrackpore list.
38. ERGOLIS MERIONE, Cramer.
Common. Larva feeds on the castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis.
39. Hypro.timnas Bottna, Linneus.
Common except in the cold weather. Mr. Moore also gives H. jacintha, Drury, as a separate species. I believe it, however, to be one of the numerous varieties or seasonal forms of H. bolina.
40. Hyponmmnas misippus, Linneeus.
Much rarer than H. bolina. Both forms of the female occur here. The larva feeds on Portulaca meridiana in Calcutta.
41. Limmnitis procris, Cramer.
Common, fond of settling high up in the trees with wings widely spread open. Larva feeds on Anthocephalus cadamba.
42. Nupris nanpInA, Moore.
I have taken this insect in the cold weather only ; it is rare.
43. Neptis opHIANA, Moore.
I have taken a single female specimen only in February.
1885. | L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Caleutta. i)
44, Nepris JumBAH, Moore.
Common. It has a much bolder and stronger flight than the other species of Neptis occurring in Calcutta, and differs from every species of the genus known to me in having a small round brown spot near the base of the hindwing on the underside.
45. Nepris KAMARUPA, Moore.
The commonest Neptis occurring in Calcutta, and on the wing throughout the year.
46. Nerpris vaRMONA, Moore.
There are three specimens of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, but I have never taken it here. It is recorded from Barrackpore.
47. Nepris (RAHINDA) PLAGIOSA, Moore.
Somewhat rare, taken in the cold weather only.
48. ATHYMA PERIUS, Linneous.
T'wo specimens only taken in the cold weather.
49. HKUTHALIA GARUDA, Moore.
Very common. Larva feeds on mangoe.
50. HUTHALIA LUBENTINA, Cramer.
Rare. I have taken females only.
51. SympH#pDRA NAtIs, Forster.
A single specimen taken by Mr. R. E.S. Thomas in Calcutta, which is probably its extreme eastward range. Common in the Rajmahal Hills.
52. CHARAXES FABIUS, Fabricius.
Somewhat rare. I have taken nearly all my specimens in the cold weather, sucking up the juice from the date-palms when cut for toddy. It occurs also in the rains.
53. CHARAXES prov. HINDIA, Butler.
I took a single female specimen in a garden at Alipur in the cold weather which agrees fairly with CO. hindia. It has a narrow rufous outer margin to the upperside of the forewing, and the outer black macular fascia on the hindwing less conspicuous than in that species.
Family LEMONIID Al. Subfamily Nemuosrina. 54. ABISARA SUFFUSA, Moore. ¢ Common at all times except in the three coldest months. Has a
very quick flight, but settles often on the upperside of a leaf in the shade with half-expanded wings.
Family LYCANID A. 55. Spaucis epius, Westwood.
Taken on two occasions only in August in the Botanical Gardens flying about a pomegranate bush.
46 L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. [No. 1,
56. MrcGispa THWAITESI, Moore.
A single specimen taken in February. It probably is often over- looked owing to its close general resemblance to the species of the genus Neopithecops, which often actually swarm amongst bushes in shade.
57. NEropirHecors Gaura, Moore.
58. NErOPITHECOPS ZALMORA, Butler.
This species has never been properly characterized, and I am unable to say in what particulars it is supposed to differ from N. gaura. At any rate the species of Neopithecops occurring in Calcutta are exceedingly variable, some specimens are entirely black on the upperside, others have the costal and outer margins of the fore and hindwings black, all the rest of the surface white, and there is every gradation between these extremes.
Mr. Moore writes to me—“ N. gawra can be distinguished by its broad white discal area in both wings of both sexes. N. zalmora has a small discal white patch in the forewing only. I have both from the Calcutta district.”
59. CuRETIS THETYS, Drury.
Not uncommon amongst trees and high bushes, it generally settles with closed wings on the underside of a leaf out of reach. The female is dimorphic, one form having the discs of the wings above white, the other having them ochreous.
60. CHILADES VARUNANA, Moore.
Not common.
61. CHILADES LAIUS, Cramer.
Not common. It is synonymous with the C. kanduwra of Moore.
62. ZizeRA KARSANDRA, Moore.
Not common.
63. WZizeRa DILUTA, Felder.
Common everywhere amongst grass.
64. ZizeRA SANGRA, Moore.
Swarms amongst the grass at certain seasons.
65. ZrtzeRA pyamMm@a, Snellen.
Somewhat rare.
66. Tarucus THEOPHRASTUS, Fabricius.
Rare.
67. Tarucus PLINIUS, Fabricius.
Somewhat common. Very pugnacious.
68. CasraLius Rostmon, Fabricius.
Fairly common amongst grass.
69. JaMIpES BocHUS, Cramer.
Common amongst trees.
’
1885. | L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. A7
70. LyYCMNESTHES BENGALENSIS, Moore.
Rare, occurs throughout the year.
71. Nacapusa arpatss, Moore.
Rare. Occurs amongst bushes.
72. CATOCHRYSOPS STRABO, Fabricius.
Common.
73. CATOCHRYSOPS CNEJUS, Fabricius.
Common.
74. CATOCHR¥SOPS PANDAVA, Horsfield.
Common. In April and May I have found the larve swarming on the hardly-open shoots of Cycas revoluta, thereby utterly destroying the appearance of the plant for the year. There is also a brood out in the rains.
75. CATOCHRYSOPS BENGALIA, n. sp.
Mae. Upprrsipe violet-blue ; the cilia dusky. Lorewing with the outer margin narrowly black. Hindwing with a marginal series of dusky oval spots, the third from the anal angle larger, black and round ; an anteciliary black line; tail dusky with a white tip. UNDERSIDE gray; the cilia gray spotted with dusky. orewing with a white-bor- dered brownish spot closing the cell, a curved discal series of joined similar spots, two series of marginal lunules; a black anteciliary line. Hindwing with four subbasal dusky spots surrounded with white. A much curved discal series, the upper spot on the costa usually the most prominent, and a spot closing the cell; marginal lunules much as in the forewing, but more prominent; a small black spot faintly crowned with orange in the first median interspace and three very minute anal ones beyond it, all four sometimes absent. In some specimens the discal series of spots on the forewing are much elongated towards the middle of the wing, and in all the specimens I have seen, except two from Sikkim, the spots on the disc and the one closing the cell of the hindwing have coalesced, forming an irregular brown patch in the middle of the wing, which patch sometimes reaches and includes the subbasal spots.
Femate. Upprrsipe shining iridescent violet-blue. Forewing with the apex widely and the outer margin decreasingly black. Hindwing with the costal margin dusky. Otherwise as in the male.
Expanse: ¢ 9, 1:2 inches.
Near to C. pandava, Horsfield. Male smaller than that species, of a paler shade of blue ; differing on the underside, in the coalescing of the discal spots, and the anal spots of the hindwing being much smaller or absent altogether. ‘The female on the upperside is of quite a different shade of blue, which colour reaches to the costa and much nearer to the margin in the forewing, and covers all the hindwing except the costal
48 L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. [No. 1,
margin. The marginal series of black spots are smaller, more regular in size, and the third from the anal angle not conspicuously crowned with orange as in CU. pundava.
I have taken numerous specimens of both sexes in the cold weather in Calcutta, and Mr. Nevill took it at Moisraka. It occurs also in
Sikkim. 76. Pon~yomMAtus Bz&TICUS, Linneus. Common. 77. LAMPIDES #LIANUS, Fabricius. Common. 78. LAMPIDES ELPIS, Godart. Rare.
79. Iraota M&cENAS, Fabricius.
Rare. Occurs amongst trees, especially the banian-tree, on which the larva feeds.
80. Drvuporix DIENECES, Hewitson.
Taken only in the winter on the flowers of Poinsettia pulcherrima.
81. BaspA MELAMPUS, Cramer.
I have taken a male and two females only.
82. Rarxarpa Amor, Fabricius.
Recorded from Calcutta by Mr. Moore in P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 776, under the name of Myrina triopas, Cramer.
83. VIRACHOLA IsocRATES, Fabricius.
Common in the winter on the Poinsettia. Larva bred in March from the fruit of the pomegranate.
84. RAPALA SCHISTACEA, Moore.
Very common throughout the year. I have bred the larva from a plant growing in the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. The larva and pupa agree exactly with the figures of an undetermined species given in Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. HE. I. Co. pl. xu, figs. 4, 4a., and which is probably LItapala varuna, Horsfield, a Javan species.
85. RapaLaA ORSEIS, Hewitson.
A single male specimen taken in April on the flowers of Diospyros montana. I. lazwlina from Ceylon is very closely allied to this species, but unlike my specimen it is not glossed with purple on the underside, which Hewitson gives as a distinguishing character of his R. orseis.
86. SPprnpaAsIs KHURDANA, Moore.
A single male has been so identified by Mr. Moore.
87. SPpINDASIS TRIFURCATA, Moore.
There isa single male specimen in the collection of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.
1885. | L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. AQ
88. SPINDASIS vULCANUS, Fabricius.
This species appears in Mr. Rothney’s list under its synonymic name Aphneeus etolus. It is the commonest species of the genus occurring in Calcutta.
89. Sprnpasts tTrartna, Moore.
Mr. Moore has identified some Caleutta specimens of Spindasis as this species. He has also queried other specimens of this and the preceding species ; which, taken with the fact that S. vulcanus is very variable and the differences given between it and S. tigrina are very slight, suggests the suspicion that the latter species is at best but a doubtfully good one.
90. TasurtA LoNGINUS, Fabricius.
I have taken it rather plentifully in the winter on the flowers of the Poinsettia. It occurs also at other seasons.
91. Pratapa ciEeoBis, Godart.
Taken with the preceding.
92. SrrHon rnpRA, Moore.
Rare, but occurs at all seasons. I have taken males only.
93. LOoxuRA ATYMNUS, Cramer.
Common.
94. MAHATHALA AMERIA, Hewitson.
Rare, always found high up amongst trees.
95. NILASERA AMANTES, Hewitson.
[ took a single male specimen in the Botanical Gardens in May.
96. SaTADRA ATRAX, Hewitson.
Recorded from Calcutta by Mr. Moore in P. Z.S. 1865, p. 774. Captain Sage has taken a single specimen in May.
97. AMBLYPODIA NARADOIDES, Moore.
I have seen a single female only of this species, which was taken in the compound of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Family PAPILIONID JZ.
Subfamily Prerinz.
98. Leprosta xipHia, Fabricius.
Met with commonly almost throughout the year.
99. TRIAS HECABE, Linneeus.
Common at all seasons. The males of this, as of all the species of the T. hecabe group, have the scales on both sides of a small portion of the median nervure of the forewing near the base on the
7
50 L. de Nicéville—Lvst of the Butterflies of Calcutta. [No. J,
underside of a pale violet colour, and the subjacent portion of the wing membrane slightly depressed. On holding a male insect up to the light this secondary sexual character can be at once detected. 100. Trrias stmuLAtA, Moore. This species and the next have the male mark above referred to. 101. Trias puRREEA, Moore. | Taken in the cold weather, not common. 102. Trias tata, Boisduval. There is one specimen of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. T. laeta and allied species have in the male an oval patch of ochreous scales on the underside of the forewing near the base below the median nervure. 103. Txrtas prona, Horsfield. 104. TERIAS RUBELLA, Wallace. Taken in December. 105. CATOPSILIA CATILLA, Cramer. 106. CATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer. Feeds on Cassia fistula. 107. CarvopsiniA GNoMA, Fabricius. 108. CaATOPSILIA PYRANTHE, Linneeus. Feeds on Cassia fistula. *109. CATOPSILIA ILEA, Fabricius. 110. Ixias ganpuca, Moore. Occurs in February, and again during the rains. T. latifasciata, Butler, is given in Mr. Rothney’s list, but I. ganduca is probably meant. 111. Ixtas MARIANNE, Cramer. Very rare. 112. HupnHina pHryne, Fabricius. Common, feeds on Capparis horrida. It appears in Mr. Rothney’s list under its synonymic name H. evagete, Cramer (teste Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 255.) 113. Hupuina ntra, Moore. I think that this is only a seasonal (winter) form of the preceding species, which is a very variable one. 114. HupHina zkUXIPPE, Cramer, This also appears to me to be a seasonal or varietal form of Z. phryne. *115. CATOPHAGA PAULINA, Cramer. 116. CaATOPHAGA DARADA, Felder. I have taken a single male specimen only in August. 117. APppPIAS ZELMIRA, Cramer. I have seen a single male specimen taken in Calcutta.
’
1885. | L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. 51
118. Appras HIpporpEs, Moore.
I took a single male in a garden at Sealdah in November.
1i9. Hurposcrirra mmBecrLis, Moore.
A single male taken in February. It differs from that species in having the markings of the underside more pronounced, and also in hav- ing a diffused black spot on the underside of the forewing between the upper median nervules. It is doubtfully distinct from H. indra, Moore.
120. BurLENoIs MESENTINA, Cramer.
Common. Feeds on Capparis horrida.
121. NzepHeronra cma, Felder.
Very common. The female is dimorphic; the form which has the base of the wings yellow is rare. Feeds on Capparis horrida.
*122. NePHERONIA HIPPIA, Fabricius.
I have taken but one species of Nepheronia in Calcutta. N. hippia is unknown to me; unless it is synonymic with N. gaea, which is very probable. Mr. Wallace in his paper* on Hastern Pieride unites them as one species.
123. Dettas rvcuaris, Drury.
Swarms in the winter, specimens are to be met with throughout the year.
124. Der Lias HIERTE, var. INDICA, Wallace.
A single male taken in February.
Subfamily PapiLionina.
125. Papinio (PatHysa)~:Nomius, Esper.
This species comes out in profusion in March, and is the only single- brooded species in Calcutta with which Iam acquainted. Larva feeds on Polyalthia longifolia.
126. Paprtio (ZutrpeEs) poson, Felder.
Appears about the same time as the preceding, and specimens may be met with throughout the summer, but the spring brood is the largest. Larva feeds on the young leaves only of Polyalthia longifolia.
127. Papitio (HarimMata) crino, Fabricius. -
First appears in March, individual specimens met with throughout the hot weather. Very difficult to capture, and the rarest Fapilio in Calcutta.
128. Papitio (ORPHEIDES) ERITHONIUS, Cramer.
Very common. I have bred the larva from A’gle marmelos.
129. Papitio (In1aDES) POLYMNESTOR, Cramer.
First appears at the end of March, specimens occur throughout the hot weather. I have bred the larva on pomelo (Citrus decwmana).
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd series, vol. iv, p. 388.
52 L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. [ Mot as
130. Papriro (LArrtiaAs) pAMMON, Linneeus.
The commonest Papilio in Caleutta. All three forms of the female occur, the third form which mimics P. hector being the rarest. Larva reared on Glycosmis pentaphylla, Algle marmelos, and the common hme.
131. Papinio (MmNELAIDES) ARISTOLOCHIA, Fabricius. :
Very common. Has a strong scent, and called the ‘ Rose Butterfly’ in consequence by Calcutta schoolboys. Feeds on Aristolochia.
132. Papr~io (MENELAIDES) HECTOR, Linneeus.
Rare in Calcutta, taken in Chandernagore commonly in November. Also has a strong scent, and larva feeds on Aristolochia.
133. Paprtio (CHILASA) DISSTMILIS, Linneeus.
Not rare in the hot weather. On the wing it may often be mis- taken for Danais limniace.
134. Paprito (Cuinasa) casyapa, Moore.
Occurs in the hot weather. Mimics the Calcutta species of Huplea. Both this species and the preceding feed on Antiaris todicaria. The larvee and pupee of the one are indistinguishable from those of the other, and both species, or species allied to both, occur always together in all parts of India; it therefore appears to me not improbable that they are one and the same species.*
Family HESPERITD A.
135. BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabricius.
Occurs sparingly throughout the year except in the coldest months.
136. Parata cHRoMUS, Cramer.
I took a single male in the garden of the Seven Tanks in July.
137. ASTICTOPTERUS OLIVASCENS, Moore.
Rare. Occurs amongst grass in shade.
138. ASTICTOPTERUS SALSALA, Moore.
A very common species. Mr. Moore informs me that “the female of A. salsala has a curved discal row of seven white spots and two lower ochraceous discal spots, and is a larger species than A. stellifer, Butler,” which latter has been described from Malacca and Ceylon, and appears to me to be identical with A. salsala.
139. Marapa arta, Moore.
Common throughout the year, actually swarms on sweet-scented flowers in the evenings during the rains.
140. TrLeGonus THRAX, Fabricius.
Rare. Occurs in September.
* Since writing the above, I accidently came across the following note in the P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 756—“ P. dissimilis and P. panope taken in coitu.u—A, E. Russell.”
1885. | L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of Calcutta. 53
141. Ganaara tHyrsis, Fabricius.
Not uncommon, flies in the evening, rests during the day, usually on tree trunks, with closed wings. I have reared the larva on the date and other palms.
142. Baoris ocrra, Hewitson.
A single male taken in August of the normal eight-spotted form. Mr. Moore has lately (P. Z. 8. 1883, pp. 532, 533) described two species of this genus from the Andamans and Darjiling respectively which I consider to be only varieties of B. oceia, that species in the number of its spots being the most variable hesperid I know, as previously pointed out by Mr. Wood-Mason and myself in a paper on the butterflies of the Andaman Isles (J. A. S. B. 1881, vol. 1, pt. 11, p. 259).
143. Parnara KuMARA, Moore.
A single male taken in February. Mr. Moore places this species in the genus Baoris, but, as it lacks the large tuft of hair in the middle of the hindwing on the upperside in the male which is the distinguishing feature of that genus, it appears to be better placed under Parnara.
144, PaARNARA NAROOA, Moore.
A single male taken in the Botanical Gardens in August.
145. Parnara FARRI, Moore.
One female only taken in February.
146. Parnara BADA, Moore.
Common.
147. ParNARA BEVANI, Moore.
There is a single pair of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken by Mr. Nevill in February, 1871.
148. Svuasrus Gremivs, Fabricius.
Common. Larva reared on the date-palm.
149. CHAPRA SUBOCHRACEA, Moore.
Rare. Taken in November.
150. CHapra aana, Moore.
A common species.
15]. Trticota BamBusa#, Moore.
Very common at all seasons.
152. TrxLicota avaias, Linneeus.
Rare.
153. PaDRAONA PALMARUM, Moore.
Common.
154. PapRAONA DARA, Kollar.
Rare, taken in August.
155. AmpirtTia MARO, Fabricius.
Taken on one ogcasion in the Botanical Gardens in August.
\
54 G. M. Giles—On the Structure and [ No. 1,
156. 'TARACTROCERA SAGARA, Moore.
Rare. Taken in May and August.
157. HaAwupr BeturiA, Hewitson.
Common. Generally keeps high up amongst trees.
158. HyYAarorvis ADRASTUS, Cramer.
Rather common.
159. TagrapEs RAVI, Moore.
Rare, rests with out-spread wings, often on the underside of a leaf.
160, TacGiaApESs KHASIANA, Moore.
As above; somewhat plentiful in the rains.
161. Upaspzs rouus, Cramer.
Rather common.
162. ConapEnta TISsa, Moore.
I have taken a single male specimen in February in a garden at Alipur. In the rains another brood appears, which differs from the cold weather generation in having the ground-colour of both wings umber-
brown, instead of ochreous, and all the black spots and markings more
prominent. 163. Hersprrra GALBA, Fabricius. Decidedly rare in Calcutta, but occurs throughout the year.
V.—Natural History Notes from H. M.’s Indian Marine Survey Steamer
‘ Investigator, Commander ALFRED CARPENTER, R. N. Commanding.
No. 1. On the Structure and Habits of Cyrtophium calamicola, a
new T'ubicolous Amphipod from the Bay of Bengal—By G. M.
Gites, M. B., F. R. C.S., Surgeon-Naturalist to the Marine Survey.
(With Plate I.) [Received 6th March ;—Read Ist April, 1885. ]
The little organism I am about to describe is one of the numerous objects that are found in the surface-net about the Palmyras shoal and mouth of the Dhamra river on the Orissa Coast. To this, or, at any rate, to such situations, it appears to be confined, for it was not met with either in the deep water of the Bay of Bengal, or in the clear blue shallow water about the Cheduba archipelago.
Shortly after commencing surface-net work in the above locality, I noticed amongst the hauls a body moving with tolerable activity, in appearance much like a morsel of drift wood. It swam about the tube in which it had been placed for observation in a nearly upright posture, sometimes upwards, sometimes obliquely across it, at others allowing itself to sink to the bottom. On closer examination, the four antenne of a minute crustacean were seen protruding from one end;
GM.GILES Journ Asiat Soc.Beng al.1885 Vol LIV. Pt II.
TENE ls
10 x 142
ts ParkerkCoward lith. G.M,G.del. West, Newman &Co. chromo. CYRTOPHIUM CALAMICOLA.
, -
1885. ] Habits of Cyrtophium calamicola. 55
and it was by the vigorous strokes of these appendages that the little creature was enabled to propel itself with its dwelling through the water. On placing it under a moderate power it was seen to be an Amphi- podous crustacean ; and it was very curious to observe the cautious way in which first the tips of the antenne, then the head, and finally the body as far back as the 2nd thoracic somite would be protracted from the stick-like tube, the animal drawing itself back again on the least alarm ; further out than this, it appeared disinclined to venture. In order to quiet its movements somewhat, a minute drop of alcohol was added to the water in the cell—a very useful device when it is wished to quiet, without killing, an organism, for after a few vigorous kicks the animal becomes quiet and sluggish, and remains so for some time, until the effects of the dose have worn off ;—the moment it felt the touch of the spirit, the httle crustacean rushed completely out of its tube, but as quickly dived in again head first. It was noticeable also that, when alive and at ease, it would frequently turn itself inside its tube, and protrude its head from the opposite extremity.
The tubes vary in size from 5—10 mm. long. by 0°5—1 mm. wide, and are nearly cylindrical.
Further examination shewed the Amphipod to belong to the Sub- division Domicola—Family Corophiide—Genus Cyrtophiwm.
To the generic characteristics—as adopted by Haswell from Spence Bate in his Catalogue of Australian Malacostraca, the only book avail- able to me on board,—our species corresponds very well, but it differs in the antenne being slightly longer than the antennules and, as well as the posterior abdominal appendages, unprovided with any distinctly curved spines; the latter, however, are furnished with straight spines, which in the natural flexed position of the abdomen are directed forwards, and thus serve equally well for fixation; the spines, moreover, figured for certain species are but very slightly curved. Neither does the relative length of antenne and antennules afford very trustworthy generic characters: in some of my largest individuals, the antenne were slightly the shorter, and the number of joints in the flagella of both pairs of appendages presented all variations from three to six. Our species does not, however, appear to be ‘specifically identical with either of the four described by Haswell as known in Australia, or with any in Spence Bate’s ‘Catalogue of Amphipoda in the British Museum,’ which I have since consulted.
From its habit, to be described further on, of making use of a piece of grass or reed as the basis for the construction of its tube, the species may be provisionally named :—
56 G. M. Giles—On the Structure and tL No.7;
CYRTOPHIUM CALAMICOLA, N. sp.
Length 3—5 mm.
Colour a golden brown plentifully mottled with deep chocolate coloured blotches.
Head subquadrate with a slight beak-like prominence in the middle line. Antennules hairy, as long as the head and the first five segments of the thorax together; their peduncles subequally three- jointed, flagellum (in largest specimens) consisting of six joints, the last joint claw-shaped; length of flagellum to peduncle as 3: 8. Antenne hairy, generally equal to the antennules in length; the peduncle four-jointed, coxocerite very short, fourth joint shghtly longer than the third; number of flagellar joints equal to that of the superior antenne ; length of flagellum to peduncle as 5: 12. The number of joints in flagella of both superior and inferior antennes varies con- siderably: I have met with instances of 3, 4,5, 6; the joints appear to be always equal.
Thorax. Ath, 5th, and 6th somites of nearly equal length and longer than those before and behind them; lst the shortest of all. Coxal plates increase in size from before backwards; those of the gnathopoda very small, and, with those of the two following appendages, not long enough to overlap; the posterior three considerably larger, imbricate. 2nd pair of appendages, or anterior gnathopoda, consi- derably less robust than the posterior; propodite long, ovate; dacty- lopodite as long as the propodite, its concave border very finely serrate ; carpopodite triangular, its articulation with the meropodite so oblique as to coincide nearly with the long axis of the appendage. 3rd pair of appendages, or posterior gnathopoda, very large ; dactylopodite as long as the propodite, provided with a peculiar serrature of square, chisel- edged teeth ; propodite long, ovate; carpopodite triangular, its postero- inferior angle produced into a strong tooth with a smaller, less acute tooth close to the posterior border of its articulation with the propodite ; articulation of carpopodite with meropodite as in the Ist gnathopod. 4th and 5th pairs of appendages alike in form, with claw-shaped dac- tylopodite ; the latter is, however, much the more robust. 6th pair of appendages differing a good deal from the others ; the posterior border of their dactylopodite provided with two curious short finger-like processes. 7th and 8th pairs of appendages alike in general form, the 7th slightly smaller than the 8th, their basipodites having the posterior border strengthened by a lamellar buttress-like expansion ; dactylopodite round- ed and provided with a large tuft of hairs; both these appendages are habitually kept extended backwards in the long axis of the body.
Abdomen. Anterior three appendages of the usual swimmeret type ;
; 1885. | Hubits of Cyrtophium calamicola. o7
anterior the largest, the 3rd the smallest; 4th with the rami unequal, the internal ramus two-jointed, projecting backwards and inwards behind the telson like a pair of horns; 5th smaller than the fourth, with in. ternal ramus rudimentary ; 6th rudimentary, bud-shaped, with a few very short, straight, backwardly directed, appressed spines. Telson short, blunt, conical, and armed, at the extremity of the dorsal surface, with spines similar to those on the last abdominal appendages.
The tube inhabited by this little creature is a very curious struc- ture. It is, as a rule, considerably longer than the body of the animal it shelters, being more than capable of completely protecting it, when the antenne, extended in front of the body, are drawn within. © It is of a deep golden brown colour, and, on closer examination, is seen to be closely, but irregularly, banded with zones of darker and hghter tint, varying from a fine golden yellow, through a warm brown, to black. When some of this material is teazed out, it is seen to consist of coarse, nearly opaque, fibres uniformly stained throughout, and show- ing no structure, consisting, indeed, to all appearance, of a hardened secretion. For some time I was in considerable doubt as to the method of its manufacture. At first I had jumped to the conclusion that it was a worm tube that had been appropriated by the Cyrtophium, much in the same way that a hermit-crab fits itself with the shell of a dead mollusc. One day, however, I surprised one of the amphipods, in my live trough, evidently in the act of repairing its premises. The animal had completely withdrawn himself into the tube and was keeping it slowly but continu- ously revolving round him. The specimen was luckily a small one and hence the tube was transparent enough for me to see that the crustacean kept stationary, while the tube revolved. The transparency, however, was not sufficient to enable the exact method of deposition of the fibre to be made out. Shortly after this, a specimen was met with in which about half the tube only was covered with the opaque fibrous material and the other half transparent. On placing this beneath the microscope, I was surprised to find that the transparent portion was a very complex structure consisting of a layer of hexagonal thick-walled cells with an outer layer of long quadrilateral cells ; the whole presenting an appearance which left one in no doubt as to its vegetable nature. Moreover, the structure was not that of an alga, and appeared most probably referable to that of some grass or reed. The greater part of this vegetable membrane was coated on both sides with the peculiar opaque fibrous material above described. Pieces of grass such as would serve for this purpose are taken commonly enough in the surface-net in the turbid waters at a river’s mouth and are, no doubt, common at the bottom for some considerable distance beyond; indeed, I
8
58 G. M. Giles—On Cyrtophium calamicola. [Wor
have dredged a specimen of a grass in excellent preservation many miles from land in nearly 200 fathoms. It is evident therefore that our Cyrtophium would experience no want of building materials in the moderate depths which he inhabits. Subsequent examinations, both by teazing and section, have shewn that this structure is the rule, v7z., a vegetable tube covered inside and out with hardened secretion. In some few of the tubes, however, no trace of vegetable structure could be de- tected ; and it is probable that the animal is quite capable of constructing a protection for itself without the aid of such a basis. Haswell, indeed, following Spence Bate (op. cit.), appears to take this power as an accepted fact, for he includes the genus Oyrtophium in a section named ‘ Nidifica’ defined as ‘‘ Having the power of secreting a substance, that, like a web, binds together the material of which the nest is composed, or one of a more membranous character.” It appears to me, too, that the intricate peculiarities of the form of the limbs tends to corroborate this view. The peculiar teeth of the dactylopodite of the second gnatho- pod are clearly suited only for cutting, and the organ would be admirably adapted for trimming a piece of grass to suit its purpose, or for severing the thread of secretion ; it is to be noticed that they are quite different from those of the anterior gnathopod, the serratures of which are simple like those of a saw. Again, the distal joint of the 6th thoracic appendages is admirably adapted for guiding a thread, but is so shaped as to be nearly useless either for ordinary progression or for manipulating the food. I have not been able to satisfy myself as to the position of the eland which would be necessary for the production of such a secretion. Cement-glands have been described in the gnathopodal propodites, and elands of a probably different nature also in more or fewer of the bases of the thoracic limbs. Glands are observable in both these situations in this species. The posterior part of the huge propodal joint of the 2nd enathopod is filled with a collection of rounded nucleate cells which, so far as can be seen through the chitinous cuticle, appears essentially of a glandular character, and from its volume I am strongly inclined to believe is the organ concerned in the production of the membrane- forming secretion.
All attempts at keeping the animal in captivity failed. Hven when kept in a large bulk of water aerated by means of a pressure-apparatus, specimens soon died, whether they were turned out of their tubes or allowed to retain them. This could hardly have been for want of oxygen, for a fish, exceeding the Cyrtophiwm many hundred times in bulk, was kept alive in the same apparatus for over five days under precisely the same circumstances. It is probable that the clearness of the water indispensable for observation had something to do with this.
1885.] 0. F. v. Mollendorff—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. 59
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Oyrtophiwm calamicola, n. sp., drawn to scale, x 44.
2. The same in its tube, in the act of swimming, x 18.
3. Portion of an unfinished tube showing a vegetable membrane lined at one end with opaque silk-like fibres, x 200 (about).
4. Small portion of a transverse section of a tube, x 200 (about).
5. A mandible, x 340.
6. 1st and 2nd maxille, x 170.
7. Maxillipedes, x 170.
8. Subchela of third thoracic appendages, showing the peculiar teeth of the dactylopodite and the glandular body in the propodite, x 300 (about).
9. One of the anterior abdominal appendages, x 44.
10. The three terminal abdominal appendages, with telson, from above, x 142.
V1I.—Notes on Japanese Land and Freshwater Molluscs.—By O. F. von Mouuenporrr, Pu. D. Communicated by the Naruran Hisrory SECRETARY.
[Received April 3rd ;—Read May 6th, 1885. ]
The following notes are based chiefly on a collection made by Dr. John Anderson during the year 1884 and sent by him to Deputy Surgeon General Hungerford and myself for classification. I take this opportu- nity to publish some new species formerly discovered by Messrs. Hunger- ford and Eastlake, and to give some corrections to my former paper on Japanese Olausilia published in this Journal (Vol. LI, Pt. II, 1882).
1. NANINA JAPONICA, 0. sp.
Testa depresso-globosa, sennobtecte perforata, acute carinata, superne striis curvatis transversis costuliformibus distantibus sculpta, suwbtus laevigata, nitida, tenuis, subpellucida, flavescens; anfr. 6 fere plani, ultimus non descendens, basi inflatus, apertura obliqua, lunaris, peristoma rectum, acutum, margine columellari ad perforationem reflexo.
Diam. 114, alt. 65 mill.
Has. Specimen unicum ad Sengoku legit cl. Dr. Anderson.
The first Nanina known from Japan; I am not sure about its sub- genus, which can hardly be ascertained without examining the animal. The nearest relation is apparently my N. eastlakeana from Fuchow in China (Jahrb. d. Mal. Ges. 1882, 371), which is somewhat larger and flatter. Ithink both species should be classed with N. indica, Pfr., which G. Nevill (Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus, 1878, 27) has under ‘“ subgenus doubtful,” whilst Pfeiffer considers it to be a carinate Macrochlamys.
Another Nanina (Macrochlamys ?, Hemiplecta ?) at least 24 mill.
60 O.F. y. Méllendorff—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. [No. 1,
in diameter, I received from Mr. F. W. Hastlake, who obtained it in Nippon ; it is, however, in too bad condition to be described.
2. HyanrntA (ConULUS) THNHRA, A. Adams. One specimen from Chitose, Yeso.
3. HyanrntA (HvHYALINA) YEssonnsIs, Reinh., Sitz. Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 17th April 1877, p. 91. Jahrb. d. Mal. Ges. 1V, 1877, p. 314, t. IX, f. 6.—Kobelt, Faun. Jap. p. 8, t. I. f. 2.
Hakodadi (A. Adams, Hilgendorf). Onuma, Poronai, Chitose, Hastern Yeso (Anderson). .
4, PatTuLA PAUPER, Gould. From various localities in Yeso, where it had already been collected. Known besides from Kamchatka, the Amoor, and North China.
5. Hetix stuiparis, Fér. Specimens from Yeso (Poronai) quite agree with the Chinese forms of this cosmopolitan snail. This is, so far as I know, the most northerly habitat of the species.
6. Hoetix pecutiaris, A. Adams. Hills of Hakoni, where Mr. Hast- lake likewise collected this rare species.
7. Hewix gaponica, Pfr. Yeso.
8. Hetntx BLAKEI, Neroc, Proc. Acad. Calif. III, 1861, p. 160, fide HK. von Martens, Sitz. Ber. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 17th April 1877, p. 105. Kobelt, Faun. Jap. p. 23, t. VII, f. 10, 11.
A snail which Dr. Anderson obtained at Chitose, Yeso, agrees per- fectly with Kobelt’s description and figure of Helia blakei, Neroc, the original description of which Iam unable to compare. Dr. Hilgendorf collected the same species near Hakodadi. I do not think the shell can be classed in the subgenus Agista, as Kobelt has it, but would place it in Camena.
9. Hetix petiompHALA, Pfr. Typical forms from Kamahura, Ishi- yama in Central Japan; a small rather high variety from several places in Yeso.
10. Herix amatiz, Kobelt. Quite corresponding to the author’s figure, from Kiga.
11. Hetx tunvana, Sow. Kiga.
12. Hutix qumsira, Fér. A curious small form, light brown with- out a band, but otherwise typical, from Ogenohama, Yeso.
13. Hettx tata, Gould. Onuma, Chitose, Ogenohama (Yeso). Originally described from Hakodadi. The specimens for the greater part (like most of the snails collected) not full grown, are partly without hands.
14. BULIMINUS ANDERSONIANUS, 0. Sp.
Testa profunde rimita, twrrito-conica, tenuis, striis transversalibus et lineis spiralibus rugulosis quast granulata, corneofusca; anfr. 74—8
}
1885.] O. F. v. Méllendorff—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. 61
convexiusculi, sutura impressa discreti, ultimus magnus antice paullum ascendens. Apertura parwm obliqua, truncato-elliptica, peristoma expan- sum, refleciusculum, marginibus callo tenwi junctis, externo arcuato, columella subplicata.
Long. 214, lat. 8, apert. alt. 75, lat. 53 mill.
Has. Ad Onuma, Poronai insulee Yeso leg. cl. Dr. Anderson.
This fine Bulininus differs from the only species known from Japan, B. reinianus, Kob., in its smaller size, much more conical spire, broader base, deeper umbilical slit, but principally by its very distinct sculpture consisting of transverse striation and rather irregular spiral lines which together produce a granulose aspect of the cuticle.
15. BULIMINUS JAPONICUS, n. sp.
Testa rimata, ovato-turrita, solidula, oblique striatula (albida ?, cornea?) ; anfr. 7z vie conveat, sulwra impressa discreti, ultimus bast rotundatus % totius altitudinis adaequans ; apertura parum obliqua, trun- cato-elliptica, peristoma expansum, reflexiusculum, marginibus callo sat valido junctis, columella haud angulata nec plicata.
Long. 28, lat. 11, apert. long. 11, lat. 8 mill.
Has. Prope urbem Osaka, comm. cl. F. W. Eastlake.
The unique specimen of a Buliminus which Mr. F. W. Eastlake has sent me for description appears to differ specifically from B. reinianus in its much more ventricose almost ovate shape and its greater solidity, in having § a whorl less, the last whorl higher, the lip of the peristome broader, the parietal callus thicker, and the columella not plicate. The specimen being dead and faded, I cannot describe the colour, which is most likely brownish.
16. Srenoagyra (Opnas) pyrauLta, A. Adams.
A single specimen from Onuma, Yeso. I have received the same species from the Nikko mountains, where it was collected by Mr. F. W. Kastlake.
Genus CriaAusinia, Drap.
Group Huphaedusa, Botte.
17. CrausrniA praBA, A. Ad. The localities Utsonoma and Mamada (Nippon) given in my former paper (J. A. S. B. LI, Pt. II, 1882) were inserted by mistake, the species collected there being Cl. tau, Bottg. Ol. proba has only been found on the island of Kiushiu and in the Corean Archipelago.
Group Stereophaedusa, Bottg.
18: -CLAUSILIA THTRAPTYX, v. Molldff., lec. p: 7, t. It. 7,
I find that this form does not belong to the group of Cl. validiuscula, vy. Mart, as formerly stated, but to that of Cl. brevior, v. Mart. I could
62 O.F. v. Méllendorff—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. [No. 1,
not break up a specimen at the time, and by looking into the shell I must have got an entirely erroneous view of the clausilium, which is essential for determining the subsection. Furthermore, I had only an imperfect knowledge of Cl. brevior, which is not very well represented by the fleure in Kobelt’s Fauna Japonica, but of which I have since received authentic specimens. Cl. tetraptyx is a little larger (but this does not matter much, as Ol. brevior is rather variable in size), the colour is brown with a reddish tint, whilst Ol. brevior is pale horn-coloured, the peristome is broader, slightly lipped and liver-coloured, its upper sinua- tion somewhat deeper. The palatal plaits are somewhat longer and farther up in the interior of the shell. Altogether I think Cl. tetraptye is hardly more than a variety of Cl. brevior.
I subjoin the description of a new form of this interesting little group which Mr. F. W. Eastlake has discovered near Nikko.
19. CULAUSILIA NIKKOENSIS, Nn. sp.
Testa elongato-fusiformis, pallide cornea, subtiliter sed distincte striata; anfr. 10$—11 convexiusculi; apertura ovalis, parum obliqua, peristoma continuum, superne solutum paullum sinuatum, eepansiusculum. Lamella supera sat valida, marginalis, cum spirali continua, infera valida, valde terta, intus subfurcata, usque ad marginem producta, subcolumellaris emersa, plica principals elongata, palatales 5 breves, superior et infima paullo longiores. Clausilium latum, subtus rotundatum.
Long. 18, diam. 35 mill.
This species is distinguished from Ol. breviar by the longer and much slenderer shell, the more elongate aperture with higher “ sinulus’’, the lower parietal lamella reaching the margin of the peristome, the upper lamella being less high.
Group Megalophaedusa, Bottg.
20. CLAUSILIA MARTENSI, Herklots, MS.—H. v. Martens, Mal. Bl. VII, 1860, p. 40; Albers-Mart., Hel. 1860, p. 275; Ostas. Landschn. 1867, p. 32. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. VI, 1868, p. 494, VIII, 1877, p.519. A. Adams, A. & M.N. H. 4th ser. I, p.469. Kobelt, Faun. Jap. p. 79, t. VIII, £. 1—4. Ol. reiniana, Kobelt (olim) J. d. Mal. Ges. II, 1875, p. 330, t. XII, f. 7-9, ibid., III, 1876, p. 154, t. V, £. 8. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel) Wai 1877, p. 471. Ol. yocohamensis, Crosse, J. de Conch. XXI, 1873, p. 68, t. V, fig. 3, 3a. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. VITI, p. 481. Bottger, Claus. Stud. 1876, p. 62. Kobelt, Faun. Japon. p. 81, t. VIII, f.5—9 (Cl. yocaha- mensis, var. reiniana, Béttger, Claus. Stud. 1876, p. 62. Pfeiffer-Clessin, Nomencl. Hel. p. 392.
From what I have seen of the big Japanese Clausiliae I do not believe that two species can be recognised. The characters by which
’
1885.] O. F. v. Mollendorff—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. 63
they are to be distinguished vary a good deal even at the same locality, especially the more or less visible subcolumellar lamella. If Kobelt’s identification of his Cl. reiniana with Ol. martense, Herklots, is correct, as I think it is, then Cl. yocohamensis, Crosse, will have to follow suit. Perhaps varieties may be distinguished, but for this purpose the habitats of the different forms will have to be more exactly recorded than they have hitherto been.
Dr. Anderson obtained one dead specimen of a Megalophaedusa at Mianoshda; if the two species are to be separated, this would be Cl. yocohamensis, Crosse.
21. CLausriia pucALIS, Kobelt. A single specimen from Hakoni, where Mr. R. Hungerford collected the same species before.
Group Cylindrophaedusa, Botte.
My friend Dr. Bottger does not quite agree with me in classing Cl. gracilispira, mihi (1. c. p. 5, t. I, f. 5), with the Himalayan Cl. cylindrica, Gray, and would rather propose to insert it in the group of Cl. validius- cula, Mart. (Hemiphaedusa subgroup 1.). The species does not seem to agree perfectly with either of the two groups, but the shape of the shell and of the lower parietal lamella are certainly nearer those of Ol. cylindrica. Another question is, whether Cylindrophaedusa can be upheld as a separate subsection at all. The investigation of Western and Central China will probably enable us to decide these questions.
Clausilia micropeas, mihi, is certainly no Cylindrophaedusa, as I shall show further on.
Group Hemiphaedusa, Bottg. (a) Subgroup of Cl. validiuscula, v. Mart.
As mentioned above Cl. tetrapty#, mihi, is to be removed from this subgroup. (8) Subgroup of Cl. sublunellata, Molldff.
The following species form a subgroup of their own within the section Hemiphaedusa, to which they undoubtedly belong on account of their very receding, almost straight, lower parietal lamella and their narrow clausilium. The first subgroup, that of Cl. validiuscula, shows, instead of a Iunella, a number of lateral palatal plaits, whilst the following subgroups have a more or less straight lunella and no ‘ palatales’ except the principal one.
The following species, however, have below the principal plait, first an upper palatal, after this a very short second one, and then a short straight lunella, which in some forms is somewhat obsolete, but always discernible. We have, therefore, in these forms, a remarkable transitional group between that of Cl. validiuscula and the other Hemiphaedusae.
64 O. F. v. Méllendorfi—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. | No. 1,
22. CLAUSILIA SUBLUNELLATA, Nn. sp.
Testa ventricosofusiformis, tenuissime striatula, solidula, corneofusca, anfr. 11 subplani, superiores quattuor spiram cylindricam obtusam effica- entes, cetert celeriter accrescentes, duo penultimi maximi, ultimus attenuatus basi rotundatus. Apertura elongata piriformis, sinulus rectus, peristoma fere solutum, valde incrassatum, reflexiusculum. Lamella supera valida, obliqua, marginalis, intus triangulariter elevata, cum spiralt continua, infera recedens, stricta, intus valida, subcolwmellaris immersa, oblique intuentt intus conspicua. Plica principalis modica (lineam lateralem superans), palatales duae, supera principali subparallela brevis, imfera brevissima, lunella brevis, strictiuscula. Olausiliwm ?
Long. 24, diam. 5, apert. long 6, lat. 4 mull.
Has. In montibus Nikko leg. cl. F. W. Eastlake.
23. CLAUSILIA SERICINA, v. MOlldff. (1. c. p. 6,t. I, f.4), which Mr. Hungerford collected in the same region, and which I cannot compare at present, will probably prove to be a near relation to Cl. sublunellata, and undoubtedly belongs to the same subgroup.
24, CLAUSILIA SUBULINA, v. Molldff, 1. c. p. 18.
One specimen collected by Mr. F. W. Eastlake in the Nikko moun- tains agrees perfectly with my diagnosis of the above species, of which Mr. Hungerford possesses the only example found. It has the pecular arrangement of the palatal plaits in common with Cl. sublunellata, viz., an upper palatal plait under the principalis, then a shorter one, and below this a short straight lunella, which is, however, not so distinct. Cl. subulina is the only species of the subgroup in which the subcolumellar lamella reaches the peristome.
25. CLAUSILIA mMicRoPEAS, v. Molldff., 1. c. p. 12.
The idea of classing this small form with Cl. gracilispira, mihi, in the sub-section Cylindrophaedusa has to be given up entirely ; the lower parietal lamella requiring its being placed in Hemiphaedusa. JI find, further, that there is an indication of a lunella below the second (generally punctiform) palatal plait. The species therefore fits very well into our present subgroup.
Mr. F. W. Eastlake collected a single specimen on his tour to Nikko without noting a special locality. Lake Chusinji, where Mr. Hungerford obtained the species, is not far from Nikko.
26. CLAUSILIA OPEAS, N. sp.
Testa cylindraceofusiformis, subtiliter striatula, solidula, cornea, anfr. 103 planulati, ultimus rugosostriatus, apertura elongato-rotundata, peristoma solutum, eapansum, reflewiusculum, leviter incrassatum. La- mella supera marginalis, modica, infera remota via conspicua, intus valida, subcolumellaris ummersa oblique imtuenti conspicua. .Plica principals
1885.] O. F. v. Méllendorft--- Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. 65
lineam lateralem viv swperans, palatalis swpera brevis divergens, infera punctiformis, lunella brevis stricta. Olausiliwm ?
Long. 173, diam. 33, apert. long. 3%, lat. 24 mill.
Has. In montibus Nikko leg. cl. F. W. Eastlake.
Another species of the same subgroup, at once distinguished by the cylindraceous slender shell.
(y) Subgroup of Cl. platydera, v. Mart.
27. CULAUSILIA PLATYAUCHEN, v. Mart., Sitz. Ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 17th April, 1877, p. 110. Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 67. Kobelt, Faun. Jap. t. TX, f. 8. Cl. fusangensis, v. Molldff, 1. c. p. 8, t. I, f. 8.
My friend Dr. Bottger has pointed out to me that my species is the same as von Martens’ previously published Cl. platyauchen, of which I had not seen a specimen, and which is not very accurately figured in Kobelt’s Fauna of Japan. I have since convinced myself that Dr. Bottger is right.
Dr. Anderson collected a small variety of the same species at Chusinji which is only 23—25 mill. in length.
(5) Subgroup of Cl. strictaluna, Bottg.
28. CLAUSILIA STRICTALUNA, Bottg., var. nana, n.
Differt a typo testé multo minore, ventricosiore, aperturd magis rotundata, lamellé subcolumellart immersa.
Long. 9—10, lat. 2¢ mill.
Nagasaki (Hungerford). This dwarf form, although closely related to Ol. strictaluna, may ultimately be considered to be a separate species, if a greater number of examples of both can be examined.
29, CLAUSILIA AURANTIACA, Bottg., var. ERBERI, Bottg.
My var. minor (1. c. p. 9) is the same as Bottger’s var. erberi, as the author has himself confirmed.
30. CLAUSILIA PLICILABRIS, A. Adams, A. & M. N. H. 4th ser. X, 1868, p. 469. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. VIII, 1877, p. 476.
This rare species has been found by Mr. F. W. Eastlake on his tour to Nikko, and by Mr. B. Schmacker in the Hakoni mountains.
(c) Subgroup of Cl. caryostoma, v. Molldff.
31. Cuxausiii1a caryostoma, v. Molidff., 1. c. p. 6, t. I, f. 5.
This interesting species is certainly a Hemiphaedusa. The “ ven- tral”’ position of the palatal plaits bring it near to the subgroup of Ol. strictaluna, in which especially Cl. awrantiaca shows the same receding position of the closing apparatus. My former remark that a lunella is deficient has to be rectified, inasmuch as the punctiform plait between the two ‘palatales’ may very well be considered to be a short lunella.
9
66 O. F. v. Méllendorff—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. [No. 1,
(0) Subgroup of Cl. hyperolia, v. Mart.
Of this subgroup, I described in my former paper two new species, Cl. rectaluna and Cl. aptychia, but having since received more material for study from Messrs. Hastlake, Schmacker, and Anderson I am now convinced that they have to be reduced to varieties, or, perhaps, even mere forms, of Ol. hyperolia. I was led into this error by the scanty supply of specimens ; and this is a characteristic instance of the difficulty, if not impossibility, of getting a correct idea of a species of Clausilia, especially in the Asiatic groups, from single individuals. (1. hyperolia seems to be very variable in size, shape, etc., but none of the distinguish- ing characters of the various local forms seems to be of specific value. I now propose to distinguish the following varieties.
32. CLAUSILIA HYPEROLIA, Vv. Mart., type, 17-20 mill. in length. Near Tokio (Hilgendorf, Rein, Schmacker), hills on the way to Nikko and Kavasaki (Hastlake).
Var. REETALUNA, v. Molldff., somewhat more slender, of pale horny colour, with a rudimentary principal plait; the other characters given (1. c. p. 9) are not constant, inasmuch as the spiral bands or lines are often deficient in the type itself, whilst the lamella infera often termi- nates in the same way as described in Cl. rectaluna.
Kamatokogiro (Hungerford).
Var. aprrcuia, v. Molldff., larger, up to 25 mill. long, upper parietal lamella somewhat smaller, lower lamella a little more visible in the aperture, the lunella sometimes, but not always, evanescent.
Dr. Anderson collected this form in some numbers at Hakoni and Chusinji, the former place being the original habitat. It is very variable in size and somewhat also in shape, form of the aperture, and thickness of the peristome.
Var. PLANULATA, v. MOll., differt a typo testa longiore, multo gracilliore, anfractibus planulatis, lamelld superad humili, inferd magis recedente, antice inconspicua.
Two specimens from Kobi (Hastlake), Of all the forms, this has perhaps the best claim to specific distinction, and, if the characters as given above prove constant in a greater number of examples, it had better be separated, especially as the locality is widely distant from those of the other varieties.
33. Succinna LavTa, Gould. Hakodadi, Oginohama, Poronai,
Chitose, all on the island of Yeso, where the species had been previously found.
34. Limnaus saponicus, Jay. Lake Chusinji, Yeso.
35. Limnaus PEervius, v. Mart. Central Japan.
36. ALYCHUS NIPPONENSIS, Reinh. Yeddo (Dénitz, Hilgendorf ), Nikko and Hakoni mountains (Hastlake), and Mianoshda (Anderson).
1885.] O. F. v. Méllendorfi—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells. 67
37. DIPLOMMATINA LABIOSA, v. Mart., Sitz. Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. 17 April 1877, p. 98. Kobelt, Faun. Jap. p. 112, non D. labiosa, W. T. Blanford, J. A. S. B. XXXVII, Pt. 2, 1868.
This fine Diplommatina, which has, so far as I know, not yet been figured, requires renaming on account of D. labiosa, Blanf. As this has probably been already done, I mention the species under the old name in order to avoid a superfluous synonym.
It was discovered by Dr. Hilgendrof in the Hakoni mountains, where Messrs. Hungerford and Hastlake have since collected it. Hun- gerford also found it at Asinoin, and Anderson at Myiokishita.
38. DIPLOMMATINA NIPPONENSIS, n. sp.
Testa dextrorsa, rumata, elongate ovato-conica, subtiliter sed distincte et regulariter striatula, rufescenticornea, anfr. 7 convext, swperiores spiram conicam acutiusculam efficientes, duo ultimi paullum distorti, ulti- mus angustior, antice ascendens. Apertura fere verticals, subcircularis,
peristoma duplex, refleciusculum, expansum, superne in anfractum penul- timum productum. Lamella columellaris humilis spiraliter recedens, plica palatalis longiuscula, supra aperturam conspicua.
Long. 25, diam. 13 mill.
Has. Ad Asinoin leg. cl. R. Hungerford, in montibus Hakoni leg. cl. F. W. Eastlake.
So far as I know, only two species of Diplommatina have been described from Japan, the preceding and D. pusilla, v. Mart. From both of these our new form is widely different. The nearest are D. pavillus, Gredl., of Central China and D. hungerfordiana, Nev., of Formosa ; which are both a little larger, and much more regular and rounder in shape, while D. nipponensis is at once distinguished by the regular pointed cone of the upper whorls and the distorted suddenly enlarged lower ones. The sculpture of our species is much more regular, the columellar margin of the peristome is rounded, hardly angulate at all, whilst D. hwngerfor- diana is slightly subangulate, and D. paaillus distinctly angulate at the base.
39. JAPONIA BARBATA, Gould. Jam indebted to Mr. F. W. Eastlake for some specimens of this rare shell which were collected by him in the Hakoni mountains. They have enabled me to settle the vexed question of what Japonia, Gould, really is. Gould says nothing about its affinities, H. von Martens (Ostas. Landschn. 1867, 12, 127) supposed it to be related to Cyclotus, and Pfeiffer placed it at first near Hydrocena, later on considering it to be a section of Realia. The descriptions of the genns and its three species given by Gould are, it is true, so incomplete and vague that very little can be concluded from them. The examples collected by Mr. Eastlake agree very well with the description of 7’. barbata, Gould ;
68 O.F. v. Méllendorffi—Japanese Land and Freshwater Shells.
at the same time they show close relationship to the small species of sculptured Cyclophori described from China, viz., C. trichophorus, mihi, seafilaris, Heude, etc. These do not, however, as I have lately found out and shall elsewhere prove, belong to Cyclophorus, but to Lagochilus ; and, from the analogy of the shells, I do not doubt that the Japanese species will have to be placed in the same genus. In that case fanatic adherents ot strict priority might contend that this genus should be named Japonia (published 1859) instead of Lagochilus (1864), but, as the few words by which Japonia was introduced cannot be called a scientific description, whereas Lagochilus was properly described and published by Blanford, I hope nobody will contest the validity of the latter name. Should it be found that the Chinese and Japanese species deserve to be separated from the Indian forms as a section of their own, Japonia should be retained as its name.
40. Hnticina gapontca, A. Adams. Sengoku (Anderson), Mia- noshda Hills, Chusinji (Hungerford).
4). MELANIA LIBERTINA, Gould. In various forms from the Hakoni Lake, Kiga, Central Japan, and Yeso. I quite agree with E. von Martens and Kobelt, who combine M. japonica, Reeve, M. tenwisulcata, Dunker, M. ambidextra, v. Mart., and M. reiniana, Brot, all with M. libertina, Gould ; as frequent transitions from one form to another are to be found.
42. Murnania nippontca, Edg. Smith. Lake Biwa.
43. Menanta Brw#, Kobelt.. Lake Biwa. Messrs. Hungerford, Schmacker, and Anderson have collected this fine species in some num- bers, and I have seen no transitional forms which would necessitate its combination with the preceding species.
The Paludinae collected by Dr. Anderson are all young or imper- fect specimens.
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VII.—Natural History Notes fron H. M.’s Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator, Commander ALFRED CARPENTER, R. N., Commanding. No. 2. Description of a new Species of the Amphipod Genus Melita from the Bay of Bengal—By G.M. Gites, M. B., F. R. C.S.,
Surgeon-Naturalist, Indian Marine Survey. [Received April 21st ;—Read May 6th, 1885. ] (With Plate IIT.)
The little animal described below was brought up by the hempen tangles from 125 fathoms near the Mutla Light Ship. When placed in a glass jar, it shewed a tendency to hide itself away amongst the pieces of tangle which remained sticking to some specimens of Murew spinosa that had been placed in the jar along with it, and when disturbed escaped by rapid backward jerks.
Two specimens were taken, one slightly larger than the other. The larger was used for dissection and proved to be a female. The smaller was reserved for preservation. Fig. 1. was taken from it. The relative proportions of its parts appeared identical in all respects with those of the larger, with the exception of the propodite and dactylopodite of the second gnathopod, which in the larger specimen exceeded in size that of the smaller to an extent out of all proportion to the difference of their sizes, which were about 5 and 6 mm. re- spectively. Colour—ivory-white: marked with patches of chocolate- coloured pigment.
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70 G. M. Giles—Description of Melita megacheles. [No. 2,
MELITA MEGACHELES, 0. sp.
Body generally depressed rather than compressed. Broadest at the middle of the thorax, thence tapering to head and abdomen.
Head subquadrate, longer than broad, its depth nearly equalling its length, irregularly mottled with chocolate-coloured spots. Hyes situated at the anterior angles of the carapace, compound, prominent, of a coppery violet colour. Antennules hairy, robust, as long as the head and the anterior six segments of the thorax; peduncle three-jointed, middle joint the longest ; flagellum as long as the first two joints of the peduncle ; a minute appendage, as long as the last joint of the peduncle, with a dilated antepenultimate joint, springs with the flagellum from the peduncle. Antenne hairy, slightly shorter than the antennules, arising a little below and behind them ; peduncle four-jointed, coxocerite short, its antero-inferior angle prolonged into a pointed prominence; third joint the longest, flagellum equals this in length. Mandibles triangular with a long pediform appendage.
Thorax depressed. The posterior three-fourths of each segment deco- rated with winged patches of madder-brown pigment, except the first and seventh, which are only faintly mottled. Coxal plates considerably less in depth than the segments, decreasing in size from before backwards ; the anterior plate quadrangular with its anterior inferior angle prolonged into a beak-like process; the remaining plates foliiform, each with a central patch of pigment. Mazxillipedes small, pediform. 2nd pair of appendages (lst gnathopod) very hairy, nearly the smallest of the ambulatory limbs ; propodite with palm so vague as to be exunguiculate rather than subchelate. 3rd pair of appendages (2nd gnathopod) of rela- tively immense size; dactylopodite with its posterior margin entire except for two slight smooth prominences ; propodite more than twice as wide as the depth of the thorax, quadrangular, with rounded corners, its inferior border furnished with four large reserrations with three isolat- ed bundles of hairs in the intervals. 4th and 5th pairs of appendages subequal, hairy, exunguiculate, closely resembling each other in every detail, closely approaching in length to 2nd gnathopod. 6th pair of appendages the shortest of the ambulatory limbs; the basipodite having its posterior border strengthened by a lamellar, buttress-like expansion ; the dactylopodite forming a strong claw. 7th and 8th pairs of appen- dages much resembling each other, but the 8th considerably the larger in all points ; basipodites with buttresses like the 6th pair of appendages ; the daclylopodites forming long strong claws; the eighth is the longest of all the thoracic limbs.
Abdomen somewhat compressed, especially the last four segments, the first two with large pigmented marks, the third faintly blotched, the
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1885. ] G. M. Giles—On the Prothallus of Padina pavonia. 71
last three earthy-brown marked with madder-brown blotches. Anterior three pairs of appendages subequal, of the usual amphipodal swimmeret type. 4th and 5th pairs of appendages robust, biramous, the rami sub- equal with short, stout, straight spines; the fourth much larger than the fifth. 6th pair of appendages short, stout, internal ramus almost rudimentary, armed, like those of the 4th and 5th, with short, stout, straight spines. Telson nodular with a few short spines.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Fig. 1. Side view of Melita megacheles in natural colours, x 25.
Fig. 2. Distal joints of 2nd gnathopod of the female specimen, x 20 about, 7. e., drawn as if belonging to a body on the same scale as fig. 1, to shew the compa- rative size of these appendages in the two specimens.
Fig. 3. Distal joints of antennular appendage, x 275. In the before-mentioned dilated joint are some highly refractile bodies probably of the nature of otoliths.
Fig. 4. Abdominal appendage of the 6th pair, x 60.
VIII.—Natural History Notes from H. M.’s Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator,’ Commander ALFRED CARPENTER, R. N., Commanding. No. 3. On the Prothallus of Padina pavonia.—By G. M. Guiuus, M. B., F. R. C.8., Surgeon-Naturalist, Indian Marine Survey.
[Received April 21st ;—Read June 6th, 1885.] (With Plates IV and V.)
The reproductive process of the genus Padina isa subject which has, I believe, been involved in some uncertainty.
The most recent work which I possess that deals at all minutely with the marine alge is the last edition of the Micrographic Dictionary.
In this only one kind of “ spore” is described alternating with tufts of jointed hairs (paranemata) ‘‘ which Agardh appears to have mistaken for antheridia.”’ This is, I believe, a correct surmise, more especially as I have recently had the good fortune to meet with a body which, there can be little doubt, is the prothalloid or sexual stage of the plant; the stage usually found being non-sexual, like that of fully formed ferns.
To the description of the adult plant, as given in the above-quoted work, there is little or nothing to add; but the spores dropped from its indusia give rise not to a similar form but to an alternate stage possess- ing both kinds of sexual organs.
Padina pavonia is a weed very common on the coast of British Burmah, growing on rocky spots, more especially in situations where there is a good deal of sand and mud in the interstices of the rocks.
72 G. M. Giles—Ox the Prothallus of Padina pavonia. [No. 2,
Some days ago, while collecting marine alge amongst the rocks of Kyouk Phyou harbour, a place was visited where this plant was excep- tionally abundant. It was also as remarkable for its bareness of other alow, the only others present being Caulerpa sedoides and a small rhodos- perm not in fruit but probably belonging to the genus Acanthophora, and even these were very few and far between.
On the rocks on which the Padina were growing was noticed a number of small bodies about 5 mm. in diameter of a beautiful deep green colour, and generally of oval outline. Some of these were growing actually on the fronds of the Padina, while immense numbers were clustered on the rocks around.
On closer examination, with a pocket lens, it was seen that in many instances very young fronds of the Padina were sprouting from the circumference of the green bodies, On taking these up, it was observable that the little buttons of tissue were beginning to shrivel and decay, and that the young Padina fronds were firmly attached to their remains.
These circumstances appeared to point to some intimate connection between the two growths, and a number of the “ prothalli’”’ were accordingly collected and carried back to the ship for more minute examination.
On placing one of them beneath a Coddington lens, it was seen that the green substance was encased in a coating of white transparent tissue, much thicker and more opaque on its under than on its upper surface. The green substance itself was beautifully marbled with oval or circular markings of a deeper green than the rest.
These points having been noted and drawn, one of the specimens was placed in the microtome and a number of transverse sections taken, On placing these beneath the microscope, a structure of really wonderful complexity was displayed (Fig. 3.) Enveloping the mass is the white tissue, in which, so far as could be seen, there are no apertures. This tissue is composed of a network of stellate cells with anastomosing tails, exactly like the structure known in animal histology as adenoid con- nective tissue; in the meshes of this, on the under surface of the prothallus, are enclosed a number of opaque bodies to be more minutely described further on. Enclosed in this are a number of tubular bodies, containing the reproductive organs, supported by bands of tissue spring- ing from the peripheral layer. The space between these is filled up by a mass of spherical nutritive cells containing abundant chlorophyll.
To return to the ‘‘ tubular” bodies. These are scattered, in masses, irregularly through the central substance ; and, on closer examination, there are readily distinguishable in each mass two kinds of bodies, differing markedly in size and contents, though evidently primarily of the same morphological character.
’
1885. | G. M. Giles—On the Prothallus of Padina pavonia. 73
From the appearances presented in section, as well as from teazed preparations, it is evident that, in each case, we have to do with specia- lized tubular masses of cells embedded in a tissue consisting of cells differing somewhat from the ‘ nutritive cells” that form the body of the central mass, and more liberally permeated with bands of the adeniform tissue.
Let us first take the smaller kind. Through the greater part of their length they are simple tubes consisting of a sort of basement mem- brane, lined with small flattened granular cells, containing but little chlorophyll, about 5 m.in diameter. They appeared to end cecally, and their lower part was filled with masses of cells having the following characteristics. Hach little mass (Fig. 5) consists of a mother-cell of oval form about 40 m. long by 25 m. cross measurement, containing three daughter-cells. In the interior of these latter a curious change was in the process, resulting in the formation of a number of small spherules of a brilliant carmine colour about 2 or 3m. in diameter, which in their turn break up into a number of minute rods of the same bright colour about 2 or 3 m. long by 1 m. or less in diameter. From the general characteristics of this organ, there can be little doubt that these rods come under the category of antherozoids, and that the organs themselves are antheridia.
The larger tubes are usually found in close proximity to the smaller kind, being commonly enclosed in the same sheath of small-celled tissue. Their cellular lining is usually much thicker than that of the antheridial tubes consisting usually of at least two layers of larger cells. The ereater part of their length is usually filled up with mother and daughter cells, differing from those of the antheridial tubes in containing no coloured spherules or rods, and in the more abundantly granular character of their contents The portion of the section shewn in Fig. 6. appears to shew their mode of origin: here a cell of the lining has grown out into the lumen of the tube, and has produced a string of cells which has curled round on itself fora turn and a half in a circinate manner ; the oldest cell in the middle of the helix is dividing into daughter-cells; some of these, however, were elsewhere met with of considerably greater size than those shewn here, which are obviously in the earliest stage of their development.
So far as could be made out, these tubes had no communication with the exterior, being rather of the nature of closed elongated sacs. Many were met with ina broken-down condition ; and fertilization no doubt takes place by this retrogressive process setting free the ripe con- tents of the tubes, which, being thus liberated in close proximity, and suspended in the grumous matter resulting from the degeneration of the
74. G. M. Giles—On the Prothallus of Padina pavonia. [No. 2;
tube structure, can hardly fail to be brought into actual contact by the gentle osmotic currents which must always be in progress in such a structure as this.
This suposition is strengthened by the fact that young Padina fronds appear always to spring up, not in the neighbourhood of, but actually from the substance of the decaying prothallus. There can be little doubt, then, that the two kinds of tubular body are respectively of the nature of antheridia and archegonia. The rod-shaped produce of the smaller form make its antheridial nature little doubtful, and the produce of the larger kind is so much like the spores produced by directly sexual sea-weeds that there can, I think, be equally little doubt as to the-réle.to be assigned to them.
There remain to be described the peculiar opaque bodies previously noted, and as to their nature no such relative certainty can be felt.
The surmise to which one feels most naturally led, is that they may be the fertilized spores in an early stage of development. They are, however, like nothing I have met with elsewhere either amongst algee or in animal or vegetable histology. The bodies in question (Figs. 7 and 8) lie loose in the meshes of the adeniform tissue of the white peripheral layer of the prothallus. They are from 15 to 25 m. in diameter and of generally spherical form. In their fully developed form they appear to consist of one or more layers of minute colourless rods radiating from a common centre, so that their entire periphery is beset with minute blunt spines, on which account I have named them hedgehog cells. Inter- mediate stages can be traced between these and cells closely resembling the “spores ” of the contents of the larger form of tubular body. They are quite white when seen by direct illumination, while their opacity renders them quite black when examined by transmitted light. They are confined to the under surface of the prothallus, where it comes in contact with the rock and are there very abundant; the lateral and upper parts of the peripheral layer of the thallus being composed of the adeniform tissue without any such contents.
The parts of the central substance between the groups of tubular bodies is filled up with very loose adeniform tissue enclosing in its meshes immense numbers of spherical cells containing abundant chloro- phyll. These are from 12 to 15 m. in character, and probably fulfil a nutritive function.
The curious resemblance of the tube-bodies to an ovo-testis can scarcely be missed, and more than once caused me to reflect whether or not the structure might by any possibility be of animal origin. Repeated examinations, however, have assured me that this is not the case and that the body in question is an intermediate stage of the sea-weed in
1885. | G. M. Giles—On the Prothallus of Padina pavonia. 75
question. There are many points in connection with these bodies that require clearing up, but these can hardly be solved without continuous observation of the living plant. Like all surf-line weeds, Padina pavonia requires a very free supply of oxygen, and the conditions necessary for observing it in, if I may so speak, captivity are wanting on board ship ; so that the solution of these points must, I fear, be reserved for other observers more favourably situated. Assuming, however, that the body which has just been described is really the prothallus of this weed, it would render it extremely probable that all alge producing “‘ spores’”’ of but one kind gothrough some such cycle of changes; and a very large field of investigation appears in prospective as to the determination of the prothallus of each species. Some no doubt have been described as distinct species of alge, as, assuming their existence, they can hardly have been entirely overlooked up to now.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate IV.
Fig. 1. Padina pavonia, nat. size. The sori are disposed in concentric lines consisting of a structureless flattened indusial sac and a number of pear-shaped sporanges. Tufts of paranemata disposed along their sides give to the sori a woolly appearance.
2.° Vertical section of frond through a sorus showing sporanges and parane- mata, x 200. ’
PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Prothallus of Padina pavonia, natural size.
2. The same, x 10.
3. Transverse section of same, x 20.
» 4. Portion of the section shewing male tubes in oblique section, x 300.
5. Male mother-cell containing daughter-cells producing red-pigmented
rods, x 400.
» 6. Portion of the section shewing a female tube in transverse sec- tion, x 300.
» 7 Adeniform tissue of lower surface of the prothallus containing “hedgehog” cells in its meshes, x 300.
» 8 One of the ‘‘ hedgehog” cells more carefully drawn, x 500.
76 Hi. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 2,
IX.—Notes on Indian Rhynchota, No. 3.—By E. T. Atkinson, B. A. [Received June 15th ;—Read July 1st, 1885. ]
| The notes are taken as far as possible from the original descrip- tions, most of which are practically unprocurable by observers in India, or from Stal, Signoret, Butler, or Distant &c. where these authors have redescribed a species: the measurements of specimens not in the Indian Museum have been converted into millimetres from the recorded mea- surements of the several authors. |
The insects belonging to this section have been so little worked in India that the collector may feel sure of a rich harvest of new species. At the same time, we may take warning from the confusion in the results of the investigations into the European forms how very necessary it is, from the similarity in appearance and small size of the great majority of the species, to use the microscope more freely than has apparently hitherto been the practice in ascertaining the generic charac- ters. Wemust wait some time before we can usefully attempt to do more than collect, compare, and fix the locality for the new forms of Membracide and Jasside which exist in such profusion in this country. In the meantime, these notes summarising what has been done in, as near as possible, the words of the authors, is a contribution to the work.
Family MempBracipa, Stal. Subfam. Membracida, Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p. 83 (1866): Mees, Rey. Mag. Zool. (3 sér.) iii. p. 8332 (1875).
Subfamily Cuntrorina, Stal. Centrotida, Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p. 83: Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 280 [(1869) : Centrotina, ibid. p. 727 (1870).
Scutellum distinct, produced backwards behind the metanotum, very often sinuated at the apex and furnished with acute apical angles. The scutellum is wanting in Oxyrhachis, which in Hem. Afric. iv. p. 84 (1866) is placed by Stalin his subfamily Membracida (Membracina), and in Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Aka. Forh. p. 280 (1869) in his subfamily Centrotida (Centrotina): in Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 47 (1869), it is again transferred to Membracina.
~Genus OxyrHacHis, Germar. Silbermann’s Rey. Ent. iii. p. 232 (1835) : Fairmaire, A. 8S. E. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 267 (1846) ; Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p, 84 (1866) ; Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh, p. 280 (1869) ; Fieber, Rev. Mag. Zool. (8 sér.) iii. p. 333 (1875). Head perpendicular, frons a little elevated: thorax cornuted above the lateral angles, horns three-cornered ; posterior process long,
1885. | H. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. ig:
narrow, broad at the base, gradually narrowed, three-cornered, reaching the interior margin of the tegmina ; beneath, posteriorly compressly- amplified, furnished with a ridge continued throughout the entire thorax : tegmina with five oblong, apical areas ; wings with three apical areas : sides of the pro- and meso-stethium armed with a small lobe or tooth : tibiz dilated (Stal).
. 1. OXyYRHACHIS TARANDUS, Fabricius.
Membracis tarandus, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppt. p. 514 (1798).
Centrotus tarandus, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 19 (1803).
Oxyrhachis tarandus, Germar, in Silbermann’s Rev. Ent. iii. p. 232 (1835): Burmeister, Handb. Ent. ii. (i.) p. 1383 (1835): Amyot and Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 536 (1843): Fairmaire, A. S. EH. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 268 (1846), t. 4. £.18: Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 503 (1851) : Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p. 84 (1866): Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 47 (1869) : Fieber, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3 sér.) iv. p. 12 (1876).
Body obscure, dorsum fuscous; pronotum with two compressed horns, arched, obtuse, posteriorly subulate, longer than the abdomen ; tegmina hyaline, veins fuscous: wings white; feet ferruginous (Fabr.). Long 7-8; breadth of pronotum, 3 millims.
8. Brown-red ; $, reddish-yellow or russet ; vertex usually russet, sometimes brownish, with two small callosities prolonged to the ocelli, the angles straight : head, or towards the base only, black: the prono- tum with a red or russet-yellow median ridge running from the anterior margin, little defined, to the space between the lateral protuberances, thence defined and prolonged throughout the entire posterior process : lateral protuberances of the pronotum turning outwards and backwards and sometimes slightly upwards, a little compressed, varying in size, tip acute or obtuse: the posterior process reaching to or extending beyond the apex of the tegmina by about the fourth of its length, more or less recurved towards the apex, narrowly lanceolate in its pos- terior half with a median keel on the sides, its lower edge finely ser- rated : feet with sunken dots, ciliated and setiferous : tegmina sordid hyaline, the two corneous patches at the base and the veins, russet-yel- low (or fuscous-ferruginous) : abdomen in the ¢, black; all the feet and the venter in the ¢, russet-yellow or reddish. Genitalia in the ¢, seen from above, transversely semioval ; seen from the side, trapezoidal, briefly truncated behind and directed obliquely towards the base, and forwards in a weak arch: anal styli yellow, projecting on the sides, widened almost into a lozenge-shape, on a short narrow pedicel: anal tube short, cylindrical, brown : genital plates placed one opposite the other, brown, gradually contracted together behind ; their tip spatul- form, rounded and relieved: body whitish pubescent.
11
78 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. — [No. 2,
¢. Last ventral arch obtusely emarginate : lateral plates (gaine) broad, oval, acuminate behind; vagina (tariére) straight, a little longer than the gaine; anal tube cylindrical, extending beyond the tariére: abdomen russet yellow (Fieb., Stal.).
Reported from 8. France, Egypt, Abyssinia, Senegal, Bengal. The Indian Museum possesses specimens from Calcutta.
2. OXYRHACHIS UNICOLOR, Walker. Owyrhachis unicolor, Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 509 (1851).
Piceous, densely fulvous pilose : head and pronotum thickly punc- tured : head transverse, not much broader than long, flat, slightly con- vex along the posterior margin, truncated in front, a little narrower than the pronotum between the shoulders, the pronotum ridged, rather low, rising vertically from the head, shoulders rounded, not prominent; horns above conical, prismatic, inclined forward, ascending, slightly diverging, their length equal to rather less than twice the breadth of the pronotum between them: posterior process ridged, reaching well beyond the tip of the abdomen, very slightly tapering from the base to the tip which is acute; very slightly undulating along the ridge; legs ferruginous ; femora black ; tibiz dilated : tegmina almost without colour, long, nar- row, lanceolate, punctured, ferruginous and partly tawny at the base; veins ferruginous, stout: wings colourless (Walker). Body long, 6: wings, 145-15 millims.
3. OXYRHACHIS RUDIS, Walker. Ouyrhachis rudis, Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 509 (1851).
Ferruginous : head piceous, transverse, flat, finely punctured, trun- cated and with a ferruginous spot on each side in front; not much broad- er than long, a little narrower than the pronotum between the shoulders ; pronotum itself very roughly punctured, slightly ridged, rising vertically from the head, with the shoulders rounded not prominent ; horns above very broad, conical, diverging, almost horizontal, slightly curved, dise of the inner side slightly concave towards the base ; posterior side less than half the breadth of any other : posterior process keeled or ridged, extend- ing well beyond the tip of the abdomen, tapering and slightly declining from the base to the middle where it is deepened and keeled beneath and from thence to the tip is serrated beneath and slightly inclined upwards: tibie dilated; tegmina and wings colourless: tegmina narrow, lanceolate, with a small pale brown spot on the angle of the posterior border; veins thick, ferruginous; three discoidal areolas (Walker). Body long, 6-7: wings, 13-143 millims.
Reported from India.
; 1885. ] K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 79
4, OXYRHACHIS suBJECTA, Walker.
Owyrhachis subjecta, Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 504 (1851).
Smaller than O. tarandus, the dorsal horns shorter in proportion and less diverging, posterior process more inclined upwards and not serrated beneath. Black with a white pubescence : head transverse, subquadrate, flat, slightly impressed, finely punctured, not much broader than long, a little narrower than the pronotum, truncated and ferruginous in front : pronotum somewhat elevated in front, rather roughly punctured, rising almost vertically from the head with a ferruginous keel or ridge: shoulders of pronotum rounded, not prominent : horns above very broad, prisma- tic, conical, diverging, ascending, hardly curved downwards: posterior side much the shortest of all the sides ; length of the horns rather less than the breadth of the pronotum between them: posterior process mostly ferruginous, reaching well beyond the tip of the abdomen; inclined upwards, and ridged beneath, but not serrated from the middle to the tip: pectus and abdomen whitish pubescent: legs red; tibie dilated : wings colourless : tegmina tawny, punctured at the base and with a brown spot on the angle of the posterior border ; veins stout, ferruginous, four discoidal areolas (Walker). Body long 6; wings, 113 millims.
Reported from India.
In O. tarandus, the pronotum is elevated in front, the posterior pro- cess is ridged and also serrated beneath, the length of the horns is rather more than twice the breadth of the pronotum between them, and there are four discoidal areas: in O. subjecta, the posterior process is not ser- rated beneath and the length of the horns is rather less than the breadth of the pronotum between them, otherwise as in O. tarandus : in O. wni- color, the pronotum is rather low in front and the length of the horns is as in O. subjecta : in O. rudis, the posterior process 1s keeled and serrated but there are only three discoidal areas.
Species of uncertain position.
5. Mempracis Fruscata, Fabricius. Membracis fuscata, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 9, (1803); Fairmaire, A. S. E. F. (2 sér.), iv. p. 247, (1846). Thorax foliaceous, rounded, fuscous; streak before the anterior margin and posterior band, white (Fabr.). This species does not seem to have been rediscovered since it was described by Fabricius. Reported
from India.
80 E. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 2,
Genus HypsaAucHENIA, Germar.
Silber. Rev. Ent. iii. p. 231 (1835) : Am. & Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Hém. p. 535
(1848) ; Fairmaire, A. S. E. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 520 (1846) ; Stal, Hem. Afric. iv. p.—
86 (1866) ; Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. p. 280 (1869).
Head almost triangular, trilobed at the extremity : prothorax a little shorter than the tegmina, without lateral horns, produced upwards in a compressed horn which is usually curved backwards and is bilobed at the tip: posterior process unilobed, slender, narrow at the base, nar- rower than the scutellum : tegmina free, slightly emarginate, extending much beyond the apex of the abdomen, very obliquely truncated at the apex, apical angle produced for some distance ; tibie simple.
6. HyYpPSAUCHENIA UNCINATA, Stal. Hypsauchenia uncinata, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 283 (1869).
Obscurely ferruginous, ochraceous pubescent: dorsal horn of the pronotum bending a little forwards, posteriorly sublobate, acuminate and recurved at the apex ; tegmina punctured before the middle, pellucid behind the middle. ?, long, 8; broad 2% millims.
Reported from N. H. India : the Indian Museum possesses a speci- men (mutilated) from the Naga hills.
The anterior horn is much shorter and differently formed from other species of this genus : pronotum punctulate, furnished anteriorly with a compressed dorsal horn, somewhat shorter than the posterior process, bending a little forwards, posteriorly roundly amplified a little above the middle, apex slender, acuminate and much recurved ; posterior process somewhat elevated behind the middle : tegmina fairly densely reticulated behind the middle (Stal).
7. HYpsAUCHENIA HARDWICKII, Kirby.
Centrotus hardwickiu, Kirby, Mag. N. H. ii. p. 21, f. 5 b (1829). Hypsauchenia hardwicku, Fairmaire, A. 8. EB. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 520, t. 3, f. 20, 21 (1846) ; Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 631 (1851) ; J. L. 8. Zool. x, p. 183 (1867).
Brownish black, sprinkled with short, decumbent, inconspicuous hairs; legs (except the femora) paler than the rest of the body: prono- tum minutely punctured, elevated above the head into a recurved quad- rangular horn and terminating in a fork resembling a pair of concayo- convex, pedunculated, pointed leaves ; scutellum (posterior process) of the length of the body, punctured, acute and elevated into a rounded lobe, near the apex : tegmina naked, punctured, veined longitudinally (Kirby). Body long, 7-9 millims.
Reported from Nepal: the Indian Museum possesses specimens from Sikkim and Assam.
’ 1885. | K. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 81
The Hypsauchenia ballista of Germar (Silb. Rev. Ent. iii. p. 231. 1835) nec Am. & Serv. (Hist. Nat, Ins. Hém. p. 535, t. 9, £. 5, 1843) is referred to H. hardwickti by Fairmaire (1. c. p. 520) and Am. & Serv.’s species H. balista is referred to the genus Sphongophorus from Mexico (l.c.p.261). S. balista, Am. and Serv., differs from H. ballista, Germar, in the posterior process ending in an erect ensiform prolongation, which is wanting in hardwickii from India.
Genus Lerprospetus, Stal. Hem. Afric. iv. p. 86 (1866) : Ofvers. K. V.-A., Férh. p. 280 (1869).
Frons without a basal lateral lobe, gradually narrowed : sides of the pectus unarmed: thorax with the disc elevated, the elevated part furnished on both sides with a slender horn, and posteriorly with a slender process, well apart from the body : scutellum elongate, longer than broad, gra- dually acuminated or much narrowed towards the apex, and with the apex slightly and narrowly obtusely or subsinuately truncated: exterior discoidal area of tegmina petiolated: wings with four apical areas : tibize very rarely dilated (Stal).
8. LeproBpeLus DAMA, Germar.
Centrotus dama, Germar, Silbermann’s Rey. Ent. iii. p. 258 (1835): Fairmaire, A.S. EH. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 510 (1846), t. 3, f. 14: Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 602 (1851).
Leptobelus dama, Stal, Berlin Ent. Zeitsch. p. 386 (1866) : Ofvers. K. V.-A. Forh. p. 284 (1869).
Black: thorax, posteriorly, with white scales; furnished with a short slender process on the dorsum anteriorly, turning upwards, armed at the apex on both sides with a spine which is produced outwards, and inflexed at the apex: scutellum elongated, spinose, white at the base : exterior discoidal area of corium petiolated (Iairm.). Body long, 9 millims.
Reported from India: the Indian Museum possesses a specimen from the Khasiya hills.
9. LEPTOBELUS GAZELLA, Fairmaire.
Centrotus gazella, Fairmaire, A. 8. H. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 510 (1846): Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 602 (1851).
Leptobelus gazella, Stal, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr. x. p. 386 (1866) : Ofvers, K. V.-A. Forh. p. 284 (1869).
Cerulean black, thorax elevated in the middle, the elevated part trispinose, spines not inflexed, posteriorly not scaly with white. Closely allied to LZ. dama, from which it differs by its smaller size, the lateral spines shorter proportionately and slightly turned up: the prothorax is of
82 HE. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [ No. 2,
a bluish black without a white patch posteriorly : the scutellum is elon- gated, white at the base: the tegmina are transparent, more yellow, black at the base; exterior discoidal area of corium, petiolated. Body long 8 millims.
Reported from India.
10. LeEproBELus PALLIPES, Stal. Leptobelus pallipes, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A.Férh. p. 284 (1869).
Black, distinctly punctulate : thorax anteriorly without a dorsal pro- cess : sides of thorax and pectus, also base of scutellum, densely ochre- ous-sericeous : tegmina sordidly vinaceous, base of clavus and entire costal area and radial area at the base and outwards beyond the middle, black, punctured: lateral horns of pronotum, slender, moderate, gradually acuminated, straight, turning outwards, above unicarinate, beneath bica- rinate; posterior process slightly curved towards the base, thence straight, distant from the scutellum: exterior discoidal area of corium petiolated ; feet yellow-ferruginous. ¢ body long 5-55: breadth, 2 millims.
Reported from India.
Very like L. curvispinus, Stal, (Ceylon), lateral horns of thorax shorter, more slender, turning outwards ; very little upwards; posterior process not reaching the apex of the scutellum and the frons narrrower
at the apex (Stal). 11. Lepropetus varius, Walker.
Centrotus varius, Walker, List Hom. B. M. Suppt. p. 162 (1858). Leptobelus varius, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Foérh. p. 285 (1869).
Black, minutely punctured: head somewhat excavated between the eyes; pronotum keeled, unarmed on each side, with a smooth shining spot on each side in front, shoulders somewhat acute: posterior process slender, acute, undulating, testaceous in the middle, not extending beyond the tip of the abdomen : legs piceous: knees, tarsi and tips of the tibie tawny: tegmina punctured towards the base, with various vitreous marks hindward, and with a large vitreous patch near the tip of the costa (Walker.) Body long 4¢: exp. teg. 85 millims.
Reported from Burma.
The species of this genus appear to be distributed as follows :—
A. Thorax furnished on the dorsum anteriorly with a short, slender process turning upwards and armed at the apex on both sides witha spine produced outwards, exterior discoidal area of corium petiolate: LD. dama, L. gazella.
B. Thorax anteriorly without the dorsal process, either cornuted or ridged above the lateral angles.
’
1885. } K. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 83
B. a. Posterior process of thorax distinctly curved towards the base: exterior discoidal area of corium petiolate: L. cwrvispinus, L. pallipes. j
B. b. Posterior process of thorax straight, subundate, reaching the apical part of the scutellum, discoidal area of corium sessile, gradually much narrowed towards the base: LZ. varius, L. awriculatus, (Stal).
12. LeEPToBELUS SCUTELLARIS, Fabricius. Centrotus scutellaris, Fabr., Syst. Rhyne. p. 19 (1803) : Germar, Silb. Rev. Ent. iii. p. 257 (1835): Fairmaire, A. 8S. H. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 510 (1845): Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p, 602 (1851).
Stal, in index to Hem. Fabr. (ii. p. 115), places a query after this Species ; and all that seems to be known is that it is reported from India.
13. LmproBELUS PARIA, Fairmaire.
Centrotus paria, Fairmaire, A. 8. EH. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 513: (1846) : Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 609 (1851).
Ferruginous: eyes projecting: hornsa little divaricate, slender, ‘acute, compressed : posterior process very slender, bordered on each side by the scutellum which is broad and white, as long as the abdomen : sides of the pectus white: feet yellowish: tegmina transparent (Fairm.) Long 6 millims.
Reported from India.
Genus XipHoPmuUS, Stal. Hem. Afric. iv. p. 87, 91 (1866) ; Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 281 (1869).
Frons prominulous below in the shape of a tubercle; thorax cornuted above the lateral angles; posterior process much distant from the scutellum and abdomen, much curved from the base or geniculated near the base ; beneath, armed with small spines, at least towards the base, not dilated in the middle beneath; tegmina with five apical and two discoidal areas, none of which are petiolated: wings with four apical areas: tibize simple or very slightly dilated (Stal).
14. XrpPHoP#uS PILosus, Walker.
Centrotus pilosus, Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 606 (1851). Xiphopeus pilosus, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 285 (1869).
Ferruginous, very thickly clothed with sordid white down: head punctured, short, transversely subfusiform, a little narrower than the thorax, with a metallic lustre in front, nearly twice as broad as long : face small: thorax punctured, deep in front, partly black, rising almost vertically from the head, slightly ridged, shoulders obtusely angular,
84 E. T. Atkinson—Notes on Indian Rhynchota. [No. 2,
somewhat prominent: horns above rather long, broad, irregularly pris- matic, slightly diverging and inclined forwards ; tips more diverging, almost trifurcate, slightly amplified ; inner side and outer side much broader than the hinder side, angles slightly serrated ; of the three forks or angles at the tip, the fore one is slightly obtuse, the mid- dle one acute, and the hind one rectangular; hind horn stout and vertical for ashort space from the base, then forming a right angle and extending backward much beyond the tip of the abdomen ; hind part tawny, slender, tapering, very slightly undulating, with an acute black tip: pectus and abdomen piceous: legs tawny : a brown spot on the hind angle of each tegmen: veins tawny, here and there, brown (Walker). Body long 4; : exp. teg. 95 millims. Reported from N. India.
Genus ACANTHOPHYES, Stal. Hem. Afric. iv. p. 87, 89 (1866) ; Ofvers. K. V.-A. p. 281 (1869).
Thorax much elevated between the lateral angles, very often cornuted above the same angles ; posterior process distant from the scutellum,
bisinuate beneath, more or less amplified or lobed in the middle, between .
the sinus, with the amplified part reaching the dorsum of the abdo- men or the apex of the scutellum : tegmina with five apical, two discoi- dal areas : wings with four apical areas : tibize simple (Stal).
15. ACANTHOPHYES CAPRA, Fabricius.
Membracis capra, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppt. p. 514 (1798). Centrotus capra, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 20 (1803). Acanthophyes capra, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 50 (1869).
Body altogether fuscous, immaculate : horns of thorax, large, thick, obtuse ; thorax posteriorly short, emarginate : tegmina fuscous (fabr.). Ferruginous black or ferruginous, remotely flavescent-grey-sericeous, two small basal spots on scutellum and sides of pectus very densely sericeous : lateral horns of thorax depressed, truncated, bicarinate above. ¢ : long with termina 65 ; thorax broad, 3; exp. thoracic horns, 44 millims.
Head between the eyes a little shorter than broad, beneath the eyes abruptly very much narrowed; frons gradually slightly narrowed, sub- truncate, freely produced downwards for a distance : thorax punctured, armed on both sides anteriorly above the lateral angles with a depressed horn, very slightly narrowed towards the apex, truncated at the apex, bicarinate above and below ; anterior apical angle of the horns round, posterior somewhat acute; posterior process distinctly carinate, very broadly sinuated in the middle above, a little amplified beneath in the middle, reaching the apex of the scutellum, very slightly decurved
1885. ] HE. T. Atkinson—WNotes on Indian Rhynchota. 85
towards the apex: tegmina fuscous-ferruginous or ferruginous-grey, punctured at the base (Stal). Reported from Tranquebar, India.
‘
Genus Leprocentrus, Stal. Hem. Afric. iv. p. 87, 90 (1866) : Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 281 (1869).
Frons more or less prominulous downwards: thorax cornuted above the lateral angles ; posterior process, slender, three-cornered, acute, emit- ted a little before the posterior margin of the thorax, altogether distant from scutellum and abdomen, not unless posteriorly touching the inte- rior margin of the tegmina, not sinuated beneath nor amplified in the middle: scutellum emarginate at the apex, moderate : tegmina with five apical, two discoidal areas, none of them petiolated: wings with four apical areas: tibice simple.
16. Leprocentrus TAURUS, Fabricius.
Membracis tawrus, Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 676 (1775) : Spec. Ins. ii. p. 317 (1781) : Mant. Ins. ii. p. 244 (1787) : Ent. Syst. iv. p. 14 (1794) ; Olivier, Enc. Méth. vii. p. 665 (1792).
Membracis rupicapra, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppt. p. 514 (1798).
Centrotus rupicapra, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 18 (1803).
Centrotus tawrus, Fabr., Syst. Rhyng. p. 20 (1803); Germar, Mag. iv. p. 32 (1821) ; Silb. Rev. Ent. iii. p. 257 (1835): Fairmaire, A. 8.H. F. (2 sér.) iv. p. 510 (1846) ; Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 602 (1851) ; ibid. Suppt. p. 158 (1858) ; J. Linn. 8. Zool. i. p. 93 (1856) ; ibid. p. 163 (1857).
Membracis tricornis,, Hardwicke, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 114, t. Suppt. 30, fig. c. d. f.
(1828). Centrotus terminalis, Walker, List Hom. B. M. ii. p. 604 (1851).
Centrotus vicarius, Walker, 1. c. p. 605 (1851). Leptocentrus tawrus, Stal, Ofvers. K. V.-A. Férh. p. 491 (1862) ; Berlin Ent.
Zeitsch. x. p. 386 (1866): Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 50 (1869).
Fairmaire makes M. tricornis, Hardwicke, a synonym for L. taurus, Fabr., to which Walker adds his own C. vicarius and C. terminalis, and Stal adds C. rwpicapra, Fabr.
Head fuscous, eyes castaneous, a white spot before the eyes : thorax fuscous with two stout horns, a little arched, produced posteriorly, fili- form: sides of pectus white : wings obscure: body fuscous (M. taurus, Fabr.). Body small, fuscous; thorax with three horns, the lateral thicker, obtuse or rather truncate, subdentate ; the intermediate, poste- rior, recurved: tegmina fuscous hyaline; wings whitish (Ml. rupicapra, Fabr.). Fairmaire remarks that O. tawrus is black with the scutellum and sides of the pectus white and the tegmina with the